Infants Admitted to Neonatal Units Clinical Trial
Official title:
Which Infants in a Neonatal Unit Are at Most Risk of Feeding Difficulties?
Feeding problems are common among babies who are born preterm or who have medical
conditions. It is not yet known which babies admitted to neonatal units are most at risk of
feeding problems. Studies have shown that the degree of prematurity and the presence of
additional health problems make feeding difficulties more likely. However, research does not
always agree on which health problems are most associated with feeding problems and many
studies on prematurity exclude babies with the most complex health problems. Additionally,
not all babies with complex health problems and feeding problems are premature. This study
aims to answer the question 'Is gestational age or medical status the better indicator of
risk for feeding difficulties?'
This research will study babies admitted to the Royal Preston Hospital Neonatal Unit in 2015
using routinely collected data about stored on BadgerNet, a patient data management system.
Coded data will be collected for the following variables: gestational age category
(extremely preterm, very preterm, moderate-late preterm, term), medical status by number and
type of bodily systems with health issues, and feeding outcome (full oral feeding by 37
weeks, 40 weeks, before discharge, or discharged home with tube feeding).
Appropriate statistical tests will be used to determine the presence or absence of
correlation between gestation age and medical variables and feeding outcome. Information
from this study will be used to inform neonatal service delivery (including Speech and
Language Therapy referral criteria and caseload prioritization) and areas in need of further
research.
It is known that the incidence of feeding problems is high in neonatal populations and
certain patient groups appear to be particularly at risk. It is not yet known which infant
groups admitted to Level 3 Neonatal Units are at most risk of feeding problems and in need
of specialist feeding assessment and interventions. While many studies have examined the
impact of prematurity and additional medical problems on feeding outcomes, most studies to
date are limited to sub-populations, and/or do not investigate how best to identify the
babies who are at most risk of feeding difficulties. Neonatal Speech and Language Therapists
require information about feeding risks and outcomes for the neonatal population as a whole
for caseload prioritization and to target populations most in need of specialist feeding
interventions.
Babies born extremely preterm (before 28 weeks gestational age) and very low birth weight
(less than 1500 grams at birth) have been identified as slower to achieve full oral feeding
than those born at an older gestational age and higher birth weight. Certain medical
problems have been found to correlate with feeding outcomes in preterms. Impaired
respiratory function, gastrointestinal complications, neurological involvement, and heart
defects have all been associated with delayed feeding progression and poor feeding outcomes.
This study aims to determine if gestational age at birth or number and type of medical
conditions is the better indicator of risk of feeding disorders in infants admitted to a
Level 3 neonatal unit.
Design:
Prognostic study using retrospective case note analysis.
Setting:
A Level 3 Neonatal Unit (including intensive care, high dependency, and special care) at the
Royal Preston Hospital.
Procedure:
A retrospective audit of routinely collected data will be undertaken and analysed. The
BadgerNet patient record management system is updated daily for all babies in neonatal units
around the country. Data will be collected from the BadgerNet daily notes and discharge
summary and added to a bespoke spreadsheet prior to statistical analysis. Data collection
will be conducted by a member of the Royal Preston Hospital Neonatal Unit clinical team. No
patient identifiable data will be collected. Data will be listed on the spreadsheet in a
random order to ensure there is no possibility of anyone, including the clinical researcher,
tracing coded data back to the infant.
Data storage:
The spreadsheet of coded variables will be stored in a password protected folder accessible
only to the clinical researcher. In order to move the spreadsheet to the University of
Central Lancashire computer system for statistical analysis, it will be emailed in
secure/encrypted form then saved on a restricted drive in a password protected folder that
will only be accessible to the clinical researcher and statistician.
Information to be included on spreadsheet includes:
- Gestational age category (coded 1-4)
- Medical status - number of systems involved (coded 1-5) and types (coded 1-27)
- Full oral feeding by 37 weeks and 40 weeks (coded 1-3/1-4)
Coding:
Gestational age category:
1. Extremely preterm: <28 weeks
2. Very preterm: 28-31+6 weeks
3. Moderate to late preterm: 32-36+6 weeks
4. Term: 37 weeks+
Medical status - number of systems involved:
1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4 or more
Medical status - types and combinations:
1. No involvement in any of the specified systems
2. Neurological only
3. Respiratory only
4. Gastrointestinal only
5. Cardiac only
6. Craniofacial only
7. Neurological + respiratory
8. Neurological + gastrointestinal
9. Neurological + cardiac
10. Neurological + craniofacial
11. Respiratory + gastrointestinal
12. Respiratory + cardiac
13. Respiratory + craniofacial
14. Gastrointestinal + cardiac
15. Gastrointestinal + craniofacial
16. Cardiac + craniofacial
17. Neurological + respiratory + gastrointestinal
18. Neurological + respiratory + cardiac
19. Neurological + respiratory + craniofacial
20. Neurological + gastrointestinal + cardiac
21. Neurological + gastrointestinal + craniofacial
22. Neurological + cardiac + craniofacial
23. Respiratory + gastrointestinal + cardiac
24. Respiratory + gastrointestinal + craniofacial
25. Respiratory + cardiac + craniofacial
26. Gastrointestinal + cardiac + craniofacial
27. 4 or more systems
Slow attainment of full oral feeding (preterms only):
1. Yes
2. Information not available (exclude from analysis)
Feeding difficulty (all babies):
1. Yes - achieved oral feeding after 40 weeks but before discharge
2. Yes - discharged home tube feeding
3. Information not available (exclude from analysis)
Operational Definitions:
Gestational age groups are based on the categories used by the World Health Organisation:
- Extremely preterm: <28 weeks
- Very preterm: 28-31+6 weeks
- Moderate to late preterm: 32-36+6 weeks
- Term: 37 weeks+
Medical status will be categorized by the number of impaired body systems from the following
list: neurological, respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiac, and craniofacial. Following a
thorough literature review, these five systems have been identified as the most commonly
related to feeding difficulties.
Presence/absence of involvement of these systems will be determined by the patients
discharge letter on BadgerNet. This letter is completed by a medical doctor and includes a
section for each of the listed systems. If a problem is listed under any of these system
headings it will be recorded as a positive, regardless of severity or duration. Exceptions
to this include the following: retinopathy of prematurity, transient tachypnea of the
newborn, intraventricular hemorrhage grades 1-2, and brachial plexus injury with no
respiratory compromise.
Slow attainment of full oral feeding is defined as inability to achieve full oral feeding
by:
- 37 weeks post-menstrual age (full term)
- Discharge home (if earlier than 37 weeks) or
- Within one week of birth if born at or over 36 weeks
Feeding difficulty is defined as inability to achieve full oral feeding by:
- 40 weeks post-menstrual age (due date)
- Discharge home if earlier than 40 weeks, or
- Within one week of birth if born at or over 39 weeks.
Analysis:
Descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests will be used to determine the
presence or absence of correlation between variables. Outcomes with the strongest
correlation will be identified and analysed using a logistic regression model.
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Time Perspective: Retrospective