Effect of Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity and Pan-Arterial Vascular Function in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Trial

— EJB044  

Official title:

Effect of Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity and Pan-Arterial Vascular Function in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02633488
• Other study ID #: 16121
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: June 2014
• Est. completion date: July 2016

Study information

• Verified date: March 2020
• Source: University of Virginia
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The purpose of this study is to look at how insulin (a hormone that helps the cells get energy from sugar) in our body affects blood vessels (elasticity in the bigger blood vessels and blood flow in the smaller blood vessels in the arm) and how Metformin (a drug that makes you more sensitive to insulin) affects insulin's action on the blood vessels.

Description:

In our protocol, we will study vascular function using pulse wave velocity (PWV) augmentation index (AI), flow mediated dilation (FMD) and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEU) as well as insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp) in 50 adults with metabolic syndrome, age 18-60 years. They will each be studied 4 times,before and after two 12-wk interventions (randomly assigned) as follows: 1) Placebos and 2) Metformin . This is a cross-over design.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 19
• Est. completion date: July 2016
• Est. primary completion date: July 2016
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 60 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Age 18-60

• No smoking the past 6 months

• Normal screening labs or no clinically significant values-except those listed below

• Must have 3 of the following 4 characteristics established by NCEP-AHA-NHLBI

• Males waist circumference greater than 40 inches, females greater than 35 inches

• Blood pressure greater than 130/85 or on treatment with one or more antihypertensive agent

• Fasting plasma triglycerides >150 or HDL <40 (males) <50 (females)

• Fasting blood sugar >100 but <126

• Subject may participate if on the following drugs, provided the drugs can remain at stable doses throughout the 12 week treatment interval.

• Ace inhibitor

• ARB

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitor

• Beta blocker

• Calcium channel blockers

• Alpha-adrenergic antagonist

Exclusion Criteria:

• Smoking presently or in the past 6 months

• HbA1c = 6.5

• Glucocorticoids-eg: prednisone, dexamethasone

• Any known sensitivity or intolerance to Metformin

• Any chronic GI disorders such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome or Crohns disease

• History of congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease, severe pulmonary disease, liver or kidney disease.

• History of malignant or metabolic disorders including diabetes

• Presence of an intracardiac or intrapulmonary shunt (we will screen for this by auscultation during the physical exam by PI)

• Hypersensitivity to perflutren (contained in Definity)

• Pregnant or breastfeeding

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Hypersensitivity
• Insulin Resistance
• Insulin Sensitivity
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Syndrome

Intervention

Drug:
• Placebos
A 12 week single blind placebos
• metformin
A 12 week single blind metformin

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	University of Virginia	Charlottesville	Virginia

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Virginia

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (45)

ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, Goff DC Jr, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler JA, Simons-Morton DG, Basile JN, Corson MA, Probstfield JL, Katz L, Peterson KA, Friedewald WT, Buse JB, Bigger JT, Gerstein HC, Ismail-Beigi F. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010 Apr 29;362(17):1575-85. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1001286. Epub 2010 Mar 14. — View Citation

Agarwal N, Rice SP, Bolusani H, Luzio SD, Dunseath G, Ludgate M, Rees DA. Metformin reduces arterial stiffness and improves endothelial function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):722-30. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-1985. Epub 2009 Dec 8. — View Citation

Allen JD, Geaghan JP, Greenway F, Welsch MA. Time course of improved flow-mediated dilation after short-term exercise training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 May;35(5):847-53. — View Citation

Baron AD, Brechtel-Hook G, Johnson A, Cronin J, Leaming R, Steinberg HO. Effect of perfusion rate on the time course of insulin-mediated skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Am J Physiol. 1996 Dec;271(6 Pt 1):E1067-72. — View Citation

Baron AD, Laakso M, Brechtel G, Edelman SV. Mechanism of insulin resistance in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a major role for reduced skeletal muscle blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991 Sep;73(3):637-43. — View Citation

Baron AD, Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation contributes to both insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in lean humans. J Clin Invest. 1995 Aug;96(2):786-92. — View Citation

Baron AD. Hemodynamic actions of insulin. Am J Physiol. 1994 Aug;267(2 Pt 1):E187-202. Review. — View Citation

Barrett EJ, Eggleston EM, Inyard AC, Wang H, Li G, Chai W, Liu Z. The vascular actions of insulin control its delivery to muscle and regulate the rate-limiting step in skeletal muscle insulin action. Diabetologia. 2009 May;52(5):752-64. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1313-z. Epub 2009 Mar 13. Review. — View Citation

Bonadonna RC, Saccomani MP, Del Prato S, Bonora E, DeFronzo RA, Cobelli C. Role of tissue-specific blood flow and tissue recruitment in insulin-mediated glucose uptake of human skeletal muscle. Circulation. 1998 Jul 21;98(3):234-41. — View Citation

Brown A, Reynolds LR, Bruemmer D. Intensive glycemic control and cardiovascular disease: an update. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010 Jul;7(7):369-75. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2010.35. Epub 2010 Apr 20. Review. — View Citation

Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Barrett EJ, Lankford MF, Lindner JR. Skeletal muscle capillary responses to insulin are abnormal in late-stage diabetes and are restored by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Dec;293(6):E1804-9. Epub 2007 Oct 2. — View Citation

Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Jahn LA, Liu Z, Lindner JR, Barrett EJ. Obesity blunts insulin-mediated microvascular recruitment in human forearm muscle. Diabetes. 2006 May;55(5):1436-42. — View Citation

Cooper-DeHoff RM, Gong Y, Handberg EM, Bavry AA, Denardo SJ, Bakris GL, Pepine CJ. Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2010 Jul 7;304(1):61-8. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.884. — View Citation

de Jongh RT, Serné EH, Ijzerman RG, de Vries G, Stehouwer CD. Free fatty acid levels modulate microvascular function: relevance for obesity-associated insulin resistance, hypertension, and microangiopathy. Diabetes. 2004 Nov;53(11):2873-82. — View Citation

Eggleston EM, Jahn LA, Barrett EJ. Hyperinsulinemia rapidly increases human muscle microvascular perfusion but fails to increase muscle insulin clearance: evidence that a saturable process mediates muscle insulin uptake. Diabetes. 2007 Dec;56(12):2958-63. Epub 2007 Aug 24. — View Citation

Goldfine AB, Beckman JA, Betensky RA, Devlin H, Hurley S, Varo N, Schonbeck U, Patti ME, Creager MA. Family history of diabetes is a major determinant of endothelial function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Jun 20;47(12):2456-61. Epub 2006 May 30. — View Citation

Inyard AC, Clerk LH, Vincent MA, Barrett EJ. Contraction stimulates nitric oxide independent microvascular recruitment and increases muscle insulin uptake. Diabetes. 2007 Sep;56(9):2194-200. Epub 2007 Jun 11. — View Citation

Katzmarzyk PT, Church TS, Blair SN. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the effects of the metabolic syndrome on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in men. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1092-7. — View Citation

Laakso M, Edelman SV, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Decreased effect of insulin to stimulate skeletal muscle blood flow in obese man. A novel mechanism for insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1990 Jun;85(6):1844-52. — View Citation

Laakso M, Edelman SV, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Impaired insulin-mediated skeletal muscle blood flow in patients with NIDDM. Diabetes. 1992 Sep;41(9):1076-83. — View Citation

Lauer T, Heiss C, Balzer J, Kehmeier E, Mangold S, Leyendecker T, Rottler J, Meyer C, Merx MW, Kelm M, Rassaf T. Age-dependent endothelial dysfunction is associated with failure to increase plasma nitrite in response to exercise. Basic Res Cardiol. 2008 May;103(3):291-7. doi: 10.1007/s00395-008-0714-3. Epub 2008 Mar 17. — View Citation

Liu Z, Liu J, Jahn LA, Fowler DE, Barrett EJ. Infusing lipid raises plasma free fatty acids and induces insulin resistance in muscle microvasculature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3543-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-0027. Epub 2009 Jun 30. — View Citation

Miyaki A, Maeda S, Yoshizawa M, Misono M, Saito Y, Sasai H, Endo T, Nakata Y, Tanaka K, Ajisaka R. Effect of weight reduction with dietary intervention on arterial distensibility and endothelial function in obese men. Angiology. 2009 Jun-Jul;60(3):351-7. doi: 10.1177/0003319708325449. Epub 2008 Nov 19. — View Citation

Naka KK, Kalantaridou SN, Kravariti M, Bechlioulis A, Kazakos N, Calis KA, Makrigiannakis A, Katsouras CS, Chrousos GP, Tsatsoulis A, Michalis LK. Effect of the insulin sensitizers metformin and pioglitazone on endothelial function in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril. 2011 Jan;95(1):203-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.058. Epub 2010 Aug 4. — View Citation

Raitakari M, Knuuti MJ, Ruotsalainen U, Laine H, Mäkeä P, Teräs M, Sipilä H, Niskanen T, Raitakari OT, Iida H, Härkönen R, Wegelius U, Yki-Järvinen H, Nuutila P, et al. Insulin increases blood volume in human skeletal muscle: studies using [15O]CO and positron emission tomography. Am J Physiol. 1995 Dec;269(6 Pt 1):E1000-5. — View Citation

Raitakari M, Nuutila P, Knuuti J, Raitakari OT, Laine H, Ruotsalainen U, Kirvelä O, Takala TO, Iida H, Yki-Järvinen H. Effects of insulin on blood flow and volume in skeletal muscle of patients with IDDM: studies using [15O]H2O, [15O]CO, and positron emission tomography. Diabetes. 1997 Dec;46(12):2017-21. — View Citation

Rattigan S, Clark MG, Barrett EJ. Acute vasoconstriction-induced insulin resistance in rat muscle in vivo. Diabetes. 1999 Mar;48(3):564-9. — View Citation

Rossi R, Cioni E, Nuzzo A, Origliani G, Modena MG. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation and incidence of type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2005 Mar;28(3):702-7. — View Citation

Selvin E, Bolen S, Yeh HC, Wiley C, Wilson LM, Marinopoulos SS, Feldman L, Vassy J, Wilson R, Bass EB, Brancati FL. Cardiovascular outcomes in trials of oral diabetes medications: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2008 Oct 27;168(19):2070-80. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.19.2070. Review. — View Citation

Steinberg HO, Brechtel G, Johnson A, Fineberg N, Baron AD. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation is nitric oxide dependent. A novel action of insulin to increase nitric oxide release. J Clin Invest. 1994 Sep;94(3):1172-9. — View Citation

Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R, Johnson A, Brechtel G, Baron AD. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jun 1;97(11):2601-10. — View Citation

Steinberg HO, Paradisi G, Hook G, Crowder K, Cronin J, Baron AD. Free fatty acid elevation impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and nitric oxide production. Diabetes. 2000 Jul;49(7):1231-8. — View Citation

Steinberg HO, Tarshoby M, Monestel R, Hook G, Cronin J, Johnson A, Bayazeed B, Baron AD. Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation. J Clin Invest. 1997 Sep 1;100(5):1230-9. — View Citation

Sugawara J, Otsuki T, Tanabe T, Hayashi K, Maeda S, Matsuda M. Physical activity duration, intensity, and arterial stiffening in postmenopausal women. Am J Hypertens. 2006 Oct;19(10):1032-6. — View Citation

Tack CJ, Ong MK, Lutterman JA, Smits P. Insulin-induced vasodilatation and endothelial function in obesity/insulin resistance. Effects of troglitazone. Diabetologia. 1998 May;41(5):569-76. — View Citation

Taddei S, Virdis A, Mattei P, Natali A, Ferrannini E, Salvetti A. Effect of insulin on acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in normotensive subjects and patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1995 Nov 15;92(10):2911-8. — View Citation

Tripathy D, Mohanty P, Dhindsa S, Syed T, Ghanim H, Aljada A, Dandona P. Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects. Diabetes. 2003 Dec;52(12):2882-7. — View Citation

Vincent MA, Barrett EJ, Lindner JR, Clark MG, Rattigan S. Inhibiting NOS blocks microvascular recruitment and blunts muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jul;285(1):E123-9. — View Citation

Vollenweider P, Tappy L, Randin D, Schneiter P, Jéquier E, Nicod P, Scherrer U. Differential effects of hyperinsulinemia and carbohydrate metabolism on sympathetic nerve activity and muscle blood flow in humans. J Clin Invest. 1993 Jul;92(1):147-54. — View Citation

Westerbacka J, Seppälä-Lindroos A, Yki-Järvinen H. Resistance to acute insulin induced decreases in large artery stiffness accompanies the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Nov;86(11):5262-8. — View Citation

Westerbacka J, Vehkavaara S, Bergholm R, Wilkinson I, Cockcroft J, Yki-Järvinen H. Marked resistance of the ability of insulin to decrease arterial stiffness characterizes human obesity. Diabetes. 1999 Apr;48(4):821-7. — View Citation

Xie Z, Zhang J, Wu J, Viollet B, Zou MH. Upregulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 by the AMP-activated protein kinase in endothelial cells attenuates oxidative stress in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008 Dec;57(12):3222-30. doi: 10.2337/db08-0610. Epub 2008 Oct 3. — View Citation

Yki-Järvinen H, Utriainen T. Insulin-induced vasodilatation: physiology or pharmacology? Diabetologia. 1998 Apr;41(4):369-79. Review. — View Citation

Zhang L, Vincent MA, Richards SM, Clerk LH, Rattigan S, Clark MG, Barrett EJ. Insulin sensitivity of muscle capillary recruitment in vivo. Diabetes. 2004 Feb;53(2):447-53. — View Citation

Zou MH, Kirkpatrick SS, Davis BJ, Nelson JS, Wiles WG 4th, Schlattner U, Neumann D, Brownlee M, Freeman MB, Goldman MH. Activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase by the anti-diabetic drug metformin in vivo. Role of mitochondrial reactive nitrogen species. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 15;279(42):43940-51. Epub 2004 Jul 19. Retraction in: J Biol Chem. 2019 Sep 6;294(36):13525. — View Citation

* Note: There are 45 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Flow Mediated Dilation - Endothelial Function	brachial artery ultrasonography % flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) for assessing endothelial function before and after an insulin clamp to assess insulin's effect on the vasculature	before and after 12 weeks on placebo or metformin