Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension Project

Hypertension Clinical Trial

— SMASH  

Official title:

Shandong and Ministry of Health Action on Salt and Hypertension Project (SMASH)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03296332
• Other study ID #: 2012GSF11828
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• First received: May 31, 2016
• Last updated: September 23, 2017
• Start date: January 2011
• Est. completion date: December 2017

Study information

• Verified date: September 2017
• Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

This final evaluation intends to evaluate SMASH implementation outcomes and intervention effects through quantitative and qualitative assessment, and provide evidence for the national government to develop salt-reduction and blood-pressure lowering strategies in large scales.

Description:

Every year, about 1.65 million people die of excessive salt intake in the world as excessive sodium will raise blood pressure, which further increase prevalence risks of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Therefore, reducing salt intake has been recognized as one of the most cost-effective measures for health improvement. Adopting critical salt-reduction measures can substantially reduce prevalence risks of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. In this sense, exploring salt-reduction strategies that are widely effective among populations is critical for prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases.

The daily salt intake currently recommended by WHO is 5g (6g is recommended by Chinese government). It is estimated that 2.50 million people will not die each year if the global salt consumption is lowered to the recommended level. WHO member countries have reached an agreement to reduce 30% of the salt intake of people across the world by 2025. However, there are not enough study evidence and practical foundation for achieving the salt-reduction goal among all human beings.

Shandong is a large Chinese province with 96.85 million permanent population in its 138 counties (districts) and 62,719 communities (villages or municipal neighborhood communities). Shandong has high prevalences of cardiovascular diseases with an adult hypertensive prevalence above the national average. According to the national nutrition survey in 2002, Shandong consumed 12.6g salt per capita for daily cooking, much higher than the recommended amount (6g) in Chinese dietary guidelines. Shandong and the Ministry of Health signed a five-year cooperative agreement in 2011, Shandong-MOH Action on Salt and Hypertension ("SMASH"). The program has adopted multi-angle and multi-level intervention strategies to reduce salt intake by people for the purpose of preventing hypertension and other diseases related to salt.

SMASH baseline survey in 2011 studied 15,350 people aged 18-69 by regions and towns with multi-stage cluster random sampling to investigate their blood pressures and conditions. The survey showed that hypertensive prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates were 23.4%, 34.5%, 27.5%, 14.9% respectively. In the baseline survey, 24-hour urine of 2,112 people was collected, and a salt intake of 13.8g per person per day was obtained in accordance with the urinary sodium data.

Since the commencement of the program, Shandong provincial government has cooperated with relevant departments to establish a work mechanism that is led by MOH, implemented by professional institutes and extensively engaged by the whole society. The program team has developed food standards and regulations and promoted salt-reduction actions in catering entities, supermarkets and food processing enterprises for a favorable environment of the program. The program team has prepared various publicity materials, and trained key groups (catering workers, food manufacturers, housewives and elementary school students). Salt consumption monitoring points and cardiovascular prevalence monitoring system have been established.

SMASH will conclude in May 2016. In order to assess the intervention course, implementation outcomes and intervention effects, the SMASH program office decided to organize a final evaluation of the program in the whole province in 2016, and quantitative data collection in June and July 2016.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 17160
• Est. completion date: December 2017
• Est. primary completion date: December 2016
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 6 Years to 69 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

Permanent residents in the investigated counties (residence more than half a year) at ages between 6 and 69 (ID card ages).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Residents with severe physical or mental diseases.

2. Urine can't be collected due to aconuresis;

3. The candidate has difficulty to collect urine and can't find an assistant;

4. Patients with acute/chronic urinary tract infection, vaginal infection and perianal infection;

5. Patients with acute hemorrhagic diseases in urinary tract, vagina and digestive tract;

6. Women in pregnancy, lactation and menstrual periods (those whose menstruation finishes for two days are eligible);

7. Patients with severe vomiting and diarrhea symptoms.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Hypertension

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
China	The National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention	Beijing	Beijing

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Province Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Country where clinical trial is conducted

China, 

References & Publications (11)

Bi Z, Liang X, Xu A, Wang L, Shi X, Zhao W, Ma J, Guo X, Zhang X, Zhang J, Ren J, Yan L, Lu Z, Wang H, Tang J, Cai X, Dong J, Zhang J, Chu J, Engelgau M, Yang Q, Hong Y, Wang Y. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control and sodium intake — View Citation

Chen X, Guo X, Ma J, Zhang J, Tang J, Yan L, Xu C, Zhang X, Ren J, Lu Z, Zhang G, Dong J, Xu A. Urinary sodium or potassium excretion and blood pressure in adults of Shandong province, China: preliminary results of the SMASH project. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2 — View Citation

Ge Z, Guo X, Chen X, Zhang J, Yan L, Tang J, Cai X, Xu A, Ma J. Are Microalbuminuria and Elevated 24 H Urinary Microalbumin Excretion within Normal Range Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults? PLoS One. 2015 Sep 17;10(9):e0138410. doi: 10.1 — View Citation

Ge Z, Zhang J, Chen X, Yan L, Guo X, Lu Z, Xu A, Ma J. Are 24 h urinary sodium excretion and sodium:potassium independently associated with obesity in Chinese adults? Public Health Nutr. 2016 Apr;19(6):1074-80. doi: 10.1017/S136898001500230X. Epub 2015 Ju — View Citation

Li JH, Xu AQ, Lu ZL, Yan LX, Guo XL, Wang HC, Ma JX, Zhang JY, Dong J, Wang LH. Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in adults of Shandong province. Biomed Environ Sci. 2014 Jul;27(7):564-6. doi: 10.3967/bes2014.087. — View Citation

Xu J, Wang M, Chen Y, Zhen B, Li J, Luan W, Ning F, Liu H, Ma J, Ma G. Estimation of salt intake by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion: a cross-sectional study in Yantai, China. BMC Public Health. 2014 Feb 8;14:136. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-136. — View Citation

Yan L, Bi Z, Tang J, Wang L, Yang Q, Guo X, Cogswell ME, Zhang X, Hong Y, Engelgau M, Zhang J, Elliott P, Angell SY, Ma J. Relationships Between Blood Pressure and 24-Hour Urinary Excretion of Sodium and Potassium by Body Mass Index Status in Chinese Adul — View Citation

Yan L, Ma J, Guo X, Tang J, Zhang J, Lu Z, Wang H, Cai X, Wang L. Urinary albumin excretion and prevalence of microalbuminuria in a general Chinese population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2014 Oct 13;15:165. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-15-165. — View Citation

Zhang J, Guo XL, Seo DC, Xu AQ, Xun PC, Ma JX, Shi XM, Li N, Yan LX, Li Y, Lu ZL, Zhang JY, Tang JL, Ren J, Zhao WH, Liang XF. Inaccuracy of Self-reported Low Sodium Diet among Chinese: Findings from Baseline Survey for Shandong & Ministry of Health Actio — View Citation

Zhang J, Xu AQ, Ma JX, Shi XM, Guo XL, Engelgau M, Yan LX, Li Y, Li YC, Wang HC, Lu ZL, Zhang JY, Liang XF. Dietary sodium intake: knowledge, attitudes and practices in Shandong Province, China, 2011. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58973. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone. — View Citation

Zhang JY, Yan LX, Tang JL, Ma JX, Guo XL, Zhao WH, Zhang XF, Li JH, Chu J, Bi ZQ. Estimating daily salt intake based on 24 h urinary sodium excretion in adults aged 18-69 years in Shandong, China. BMJ Open. 2014 Jul 18;4(7):e005089. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2 — View Citation

* Note: There are 11 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Prevalence of hypertension	Two blood pressure (BP) measurements were obtained using a standardized mercury sphygmomanometer after a 5-min seated rest and information on history of hypertension was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic BP (SBP) at least 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) at least 90 mmHg, and/or self-reported current use of antihypertensive medication.	June-July 2016
Primary	Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension	Caculate the proportion of people reported having hypertension, the proportion of people reported taking medication and the proportion of them had their blood presure controlled (<140/<90 mmHg) among those classified as having hypertension.	June-July 2016
Primary	Salt intake related awareness, belief and behavior	A face to face, close-ended questionnaire was administered by trained public health professionals. Questions collected information on: knowledge, attitudes and practices related to sodium and hypertension (relationship between sodium and hypertension, consequences of hypertension, perception of salt consumption, self-reported consumption, intention to reduce salt consumption, and practices towards reducing sodium consumption). Then caculate the KAP rates.	June-July 2016
Primary	Salt intake	All participants were given written and verbal instructions to collect a 24 h urine sample. The samples were first assayed for creatinine concentration using the picric acid method (ADICON Clinical Laboratory; CAP accredited). The sodium concentration was determined using the direction selective electrode method. Daily salt intake was estimated by assessing 24h urinary sodium excretion based on the assumption that all sodium was ingested in the form of sodium chloride.	June-July 2016
Primary	Salt sources	Determined by respondents filling 72-hour dietary recall questionnaires. Furthermore, the survey team asks district/county salt companies to submit sales volumes of different salt products in 2011-2015 for statistics.	June-July 2016