Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
Change in right ventricle end diastolic area (EDA) |
Cardiac ultrasound (Philips CX50) will be performed to determine left and right ventricular morphology and function. Ultrasound will be performed in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines (ASE). Imaging of the ventricles and the diameter during relaxation (diastole) will be captured and evaluated. Normal value for right ventricle EDA indexed to body surface area ranges between 5-12.6 cm^2/m^2 for males and 4.5-11.5 cm^2/m^2 for females . |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Primary |
Change in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) |
Another ultrasound metric that will be evaluated is tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) which is used a parameter of global RV function which describes apex-to-base shortening. Normal value for TAPSE is above 16 mm. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Primary |
Change in ratio between early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e') |
Another ultrasound metric that will be evaluated is early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic velocity (E/e') which is used to evaluate the diastolic or relaxation function of the left ventricle. Normal value for E/e' is <6. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Primary |
Change in the ratio of peak velocity flow in early diastole (the E wave) to peak velocity flow in late diastole caused by atrial contraction (the A wave) |
Another ultrasound metric that will be evaluated is he ratio of peak velocity flow in early diastole (the E wave) to peak velocity flow in late diastole caused by atrial contraction (the A wave) (E/A) which is used to evaluate the diastolic filling of the left ventricle. Normal value for E/A is between 0.8 and 2. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Primary |
Change in lung fluid assessed through ultrasound incidence of comet tails |
Ultrasound will be used to image 28 "windows" covering the 2nd through the 5th intercostal/rib space on the right and left sides of the chest. The number of comet tails observed over these 28 locations will be documented and the change in this number over the course of the study will be evaluated. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Primary |
Change in lung fluid assessed through diffusion capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide and nitric oxide |
Subjects will take a maximal breath of a test gas mixture, hold that inhalation for 4 seconds and then exhale and the exhaled gas will be analyze to determine the change in gas concentrations between what was inhaled and exhaled. Comparison will be made between the change over time in this ability of gas to move from the lungs to the blood stream. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in exhaled nitric oxide |
The amount of nitric oxide in ones exhaled air will be measured by a handheld device. Levels under 25 parts per billion are normal, more than 35 parts per billion would be a sign of airway inflammation. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in hemoglobin |
A blood sample will be taken and analyzed to determine the amount of red blood cells and and hemoglobin in the blood. For males normal range for hemoglobin is 13.5-17.5 grams per deciliter and for females normal range for hemoglobin is 12.0-15.5 grams per deciliter. Low values means anemia is present and higher levels is a normal response to altitude. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in hematocrit |
A blood sample will be taken and analyzed to determine the amount of red blood cells and and hemoglobin in the blood. For males normal range for hematocrit is 38.8-50% and for females normal range for hematocrit is 34.9-44.5% Low values means anemia is present and higher levels is a normal response to altitude. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in cardiac troponin I |
To determine if signs of cardiac damage, as its presence in the blood is a potential sign of damage to the heart muscle |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in B-type natriuretic peptide |
To determine if signs of cardiac damage, as its presence in the blood is a potential sign of damage to the heart muscle |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|
Secondary |
Change in cortisol |
Saliva levels of cortisol will be measured as a metric of stress. Cortisol levels increase when you body is under stress. |
baseline, within 2 hours of race completion, 24-48 hours post race |
|