Healthy Volunteers Clinical Trial
— B~MapsOfficial title:
The Chronic Pain Brain: Structural White and Gray Matter Correlates of Impaired Muscle Control and Deficient Pain Processing
Verified date | November 2023 |
Source | University Ghent |
Contact | n/a |
Is FDA regulated | No |
Health authority | |
Study type | Observational |
Although the cause of persistent non-specific low back pain (LBP) remains unknown, structural and functional alterations of the brain, alterations in the lumbar muscles and dysfunction of the central nervous system have been proposed as underlying mechanisms. In this case-control study, 1) brain structure/function, 2) lumbar muscle function and 3) central pain processing are compared across four groups: 1) healthy participants, 2) recurrent LBP (both during pain flare and during pain remission), 3) chronic LBP and 4) fibromyalgia. According to previous research, healthy participants and fibromyalgia patients are two extremes of a "musculoskeletal pain continuum". Healthy participants representing one extreme of the continuum with no pain and fibromyalgia representing the other extreme of the continuum with chronic widespread pain. It is thought that different LBP populations (i.e. (sub)acute, recurrent, chronic LBP) float between the aforementioned extremes. Past studies already highlighted the need for studies comparing the pathophysiological mechanisms for different pain syndromes to identify common underlying mechanisms across pain syndromes. For this reason, the goal of the current study is to compare alterations in brain structure/function, alterations in lumbar muscle function and alterations in central pain processing across the aforementioned "musculoskeletal pain continuum". It is hypothesized that longer duration of pain (recurrent vs chronic) and the extensiveness of the pain (one location vs widespread pain) are associated with more pronounced alterations in 1) brain structure/function, 2) lumbar muscle function and 3) central pain processing.
Status | Completed |
Enrollment | 80 |
Est. completion date | October 30, 2021 |
Est. primary completion date | October 30, 2021 |
Accepts healthy volunteers | Accepts Healthy Volunteers |
Gender | Female |
Age group | 18 Years to 45 Years |
Eligibility | Inclusion Criteria: 1. Dutch speaking female participants (age between 18 and 45 years). 2. Non-specific recurrent LBP patients experiencing a period of remission at the moment of testing. Patients have to meet the criteria for recurrent LBP (in remission) as described by De Vet et al. (2002) and D'Hooge et al. (2013). 3. Non-specific recurrent LBP patients experiencing a pain flare at the moment of testing. Patients have to meet the criteria for recurrent LBP (during pain flare) as described by De Vet et al. (2002) and D'Hooge et al. (2013). 4. Participants experiencing non-specific chronic LBP (meeting the International Association for the Study of Pain [IASP] criteria) 5. Participants diagnosed with fibromyalgia according to the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria (2010) 6. Healthy volunteers with no history of serious respiratory, orthopedic, neurologic or circulatory conditions. No history of low back pain (i.e. low back pain in this case is defined as a period of symptoms lasting a minimum of 2 consecutive days and for which a paramedic is consulted). Participants with a history of spinal surgery, spinal trauma or spinal deformities are also excluded. Healthy participants will be matched for age and BMI with included participants experiencing chronic/recurrent LBP or fibromyalgia. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Pregnancy or breastfeeding in the past year 2. Contraindications for MRI (e.g. electrical/mechanical implants or electrodes in de body, eye/skin injury by metal fragments in the past, etc) 3. BMI lower than 18 or higher than 30 4. Participant performed specific trunk muscle training in the past year. 5. Participating in sports at a professional level |
Country | Name | City | State |
---|---|---|---|
Belgium | Ghent University, vakgroep revalidatiewetenschappen | Ghent | Oost-Vlaanderen |
Lead Sponsor | Collaborator |
---|---|
University Ghent | Fund for Scientific Research, Flanders, Belgium |
Belgium,
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* Note: There are 32 references in all — Click here to view all references
Type | Measure | Description | Time frame | Safety issue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Brain structure and function | The scanning session will comprise of (1) whole-brain T1-weighted structural MRI, (2) whole-brain DTI and (3) whole-brain resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Primary | Pressure pain thresholds | Pressure algometry for determining the PPT with a digital algometer bilaterally at three body locations, namely on the forearm (on the muscle belly of the extensor carpi radialis muscle), the erector spinae (5cm lateral to the processus spinosus of vertebra L3), and the calf (at the upper third of the distance between the knee crease and the distal border of the calcaneus) | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Primary | Conditioned pain modulation | A CPM paradigm during which the PPT (= test stimulus) is repeated during and after immersion of the non-dominant hand in a warm water bath (= conditioned stimulus) of 45.5°C for six minutes. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Primary | Nociceptive flexion reflex thresholds | Repetitive TENS of the sural nerve of the dominant leg to determine the NFR threshold and temporal summation of the NFR threshold. A bar stimulating electrode will be connected to a constant current stimulator. Elicitation of the NFR will be evaluated by measuring the involuntary contraction of the ipsilateral biceps femoris. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Primary | Lumbar muscle function | Lumbar muscle function will be measured by using surface EMG for testing APAs in a RAM test and CPAs in a QFRT. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Pain intensity | Pain intensity was measured with two visual analogue scales (0 - 100) for average pain and worst pain. The anchors are 'no pain' and 'unbearable pain' respectively. No grid lines are shown on the scale. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Functional disability | To measure functional disability the Dutch version (Beurskens, De Vet et al. 1995) of the Roland and Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) (Roland and Morris 1983) was used. The RMDQ consists of 24 items, with dichotomous answers: 'Yes' (coded = 1) or 'No' (coded = 0). Scores range from 0-24. Higher scores indicate higher disability. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Coping | Coping was measured by using the Dutch version of the Pain Coping Inventory (PCI) (Kraaimaat, Bakker et al. 1997). The PCI consists of 33 questions divided over six subscales: pain transformation, distraction, reducing demands, retreating, worrying and resting (Kraaimaat and Evers 2003). Participants have to rate on 4-point Likert scales to what extend they perform the described behaviors in the statements (e.g. "I take a bath or shower"). Based on the scores of the 33 items, 2 higher order scores are derived for active coping (i.e. transformation, reducing demands, distraction) and passive coping (i.e. retreating, worrying and resting). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Kinesiophobia | To measure pain related fear, the Dutch version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) was used (Vlaeyen, Kole-Snijders et al. 1995). The TSK is used to measure the extend of pain-related fear and the influence on activity level in LBP populations. The questionnaire consists of 17 items, with higher scores indicating a higher degree of kinesiophobia. Items are scored on 4-point Likert scales and participants have to rate to what degree they agree/disagree to the statements (e.g. "I'm afraid that I might injure myself if I exercise"). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Catastrophizing | To measure pain catastrophizing the Dutch version (Crombez 1996) of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was used. The PCS consist of 13 items about past painful experiences. Participants were requested to indicate to what degree they experience certain thoughts or feelings when experiencing pain on a 5-point Likert scale (e.g.: "I worry all the time about whether the pain will end"). The total score ranges from 0-52, with higher scores indicating more pain catastrophizing. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Depression and anxiety | To measure symptoms of depression and anxiety, the Dutch version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used (Zigmond and Snaith, 1983). The HADS consists of two subscales with 7 items. Scores on both subscales ranges from 0 - 20, with higher scores indicating more anxiety and/or depression. Participants have to indicate on a 4-point Likert scale if they have experienced the emotions described in each statement during the last week (e.g. "I feel restless as I have to be on the move"). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Central sensitization | The Dutch version of the Central Sensitization Index (CSI) was used to measure for symptoms and clinical features related to central sensitization (i.e. hyperexcitability of the central nervous system) (Kregel, Vuijk et al. 2016). The CSI consists of two parts. The first part measures to what extend somatic and emotional symptoms related to central sensitization are present (e.g. "I get tired very easily when I am physically active") and the second part measures whether participants had earlier diagnosis which are frequently observed in central sensitization of the central nervous system (e.g. fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, etc). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Attention to pain | To measure attention to pain, the Dutch version of the Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) was used (Roelofs, Peters et al. 2003). The PVAQ consists of 16 items with two subscales: 'attention to pain' and 'attention to changes in pain'. Participants have to rate on a 6-point Likert scale to what extend they react in a certain way to pain as described in the statements (e.g. "I am quick to notice changes in pain intensity"). | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | Physical activity | The Dutch version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to obtain a self-reported estimate of physical activity in the last seven days (Craig, Marshall et al. 2003). The IPAQ consists of 31 items about physical activity divided over 5 areas: job-related, transportation, housework (i.e. house maintenance, caring for family), recreation/sport/leisure and time spent sitting. The overall score places participants in one of three categories: 1) low/inactive, 2) moderately active and 3) highly active. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. | |
Secondary | General health status | To measure general health status and health-related quality of life the Short Form Health Survey-36 items (SF-36) was used (Van der Zee and Sanderman 1993, Aaronson, Muller et al. 1998). The SF-36 measures several domains of health-related areas: physical functioning, physical role limitations, bodily pain, general health perception, energy/vitality, social functioning, emotional role limitations and mental health. Scores range from 0 - 100, higher scores indicating higher subjective health status. | The entirety of the protocol for each patient is administered in a single day, spanning approximately 4 to 5 hours. |
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