Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Other |
Change in body composition measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in body composition measured by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). The test results will be in the form T score (a score of -1 or above is classified as normal; a score between -1.1 and -2.4 is classified as osteopenia (low bone mass); a score of -2.5 and below is defined as osteoporosis). |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Other |
Change in functional muscular fitness measured by 30-second Chair Sit-to-stand Test at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in functional muscular fitness measured by 30-second Chair Sit-to-stand Test at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). The score is the number of stands a person can complete in 30 seconds, with higher scores indicating better functional muscular fitness and lower scores indicating poor functional muscular fitness. |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Other |
Change in upper and lower body strength measured by 3-repetition Maximum (3-RM) Test using Keiser pneumatic variable-resistance machines at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in upper and lower body strength measured by 3-repetition Maximum (3-RM) Test using Keiser pneumatic variable-resistance machines at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). The score is defined as the maximum weight a person can lift for 3 repetitions. |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Other |
Change in cardiovascular fitness measured by Ergometers and MedGrapics Ultima CardiO2 Gas Exchange System at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in cardiovascular fitness measured by Ergometers and MedGrapics Ultima CardiO2 Gas Exchange System at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Other |
Change in balance measured by Multifunctional force-measuring plate at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in balance measured by Multifunctional force-measuring plate at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Other |
Change in flexibility measured by Sit and Reach Flexibility Test at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). |
Change in flexibility measured by Sit and Reach Flexibility Test at baseline and 6 months (outcome in frail subgroup only). The score is the recorded distance a person can reach forward by the hand with a seated position. |
2 time points including: baseline, 6 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in physical frailty status measured by the 5-item FRAIL scale at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in physical frailty status is measured by the 5-item FRAIL scale at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 5, with 0 representing robust health status, 1-2 pre-frail, and 3-5 frail. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in physical performance measured by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in physical performance measured by Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 12. Higher scores represent better physical performance, lower scores represent poor physical performance. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in upper body strength measured by 30-second bicep curl test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in upper body strength measured by 30-second bicep curl test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance is defined by the frequency of arm curls completed in 30 seconds while sitting in a chair. Higher frequencies represent better upper body strength, lower frequencies represent poor upper body strength. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in aerobic exercise capacity measured by 2-minute step test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in aerobic exercise capacity measured by 2-minute step test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance on the test is de?ned as the number of right-side steps of the criterion height completed in 2 minutes. Higher frequencies represent better aerobic exercise capacity, lower frequencies represent poor aerobic exercise capacity. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in quality of life measured by World Health Organization Quality of Life - Older Adult Module (WHOQoL-OLD) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in quality of life measured by World Health Organization Quality of Life - Older Adult Module (WHOQoL-OLD) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 24 to 120. Higher scores indicate better quality of life, lower scores indicate poor quality of life. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Primary |
Change in comprehensive frailty status measured by the 32-item Frailty Index (32-FI) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in comprehensive frailty status measured by the 32-item Frailty Index (32-FI) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. The index is calculated by the sum score divided by the total number of valid responses, ranging from 0 to 1. Frailty status is defined as: robust (FI = 0.08), prefrail (0.08 < FI < 0.25), and frail (FI = 0.25). |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in handgrip strength measured by the (Jamar® Hand Dynamometer - Plus+ Digital - 200 lb. Capacity) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in handgrip strength measured by the (Jamar® Hand Dynamometer - Plus+ Digital - 200 lb. Capacity) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance is defined as the grip force exerted on the dynamometer. Larger forces indicate better handgrip strength, smaller forces indicate poor handgrip strength. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in pain severity measured by Face Pain Scale - Revised at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in pain severity measured by Face Pain Scale - Revised at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain, 10 representing very much pain. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in physical activity measured by Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in physical activity measured by Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 361, with higher scores indicating higher physical activity level and lower scores indicating lower physical activity level. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in activities of daily living measured by Modified Barthel Index at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in activities of daily living measured by Modified Barthel Index at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating independence and lower scores indicating dependence. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in instrumental activities of daily living measured by Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in instrumental activities of daily living measured by Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 18, with higher scores indicating independence and lower scores indicating dependence. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in social network measured by Lubben Social Network Scale at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in social network measured by Lubben Social Network Scale at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 50 (scores <20 are classified as isolated; 21-25 as high risk for isolation; 26-30 as moderate risk for isolation; = 31 as low risk for isolation). |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in sleep quality measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in sleep quality measured by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poor sleep quality and lower scores indicating better sleep quality. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in nutrition status measured by Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in nutrition status measured by Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 30 (scores of 24-30 are classified as normal nutritional status; 17-23.5 as at risk of malnutrition; <17 as malnourished). |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in depressive symptoms measured by Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in depressive symptoms measured by Patient Health Questionnaire - 9 (PHQ-9) at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 27 (scores of 5-9 are classified as mild depression; 10-14 as moderate depression; 15-19 as moderately severe depression; = 20 as severe depression) |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in extent of mobility measured by the Life Space Questionnaire at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in extent of mobility measured by the Life Space Questionnaire at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 9, reflecting the number of zones a person has moved in irrespective of the frequency and independence of these movements. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in verbal fluency was measured by the Verbal Fluency Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in verbal fluency was measured by the Verbal Fluency Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance is defined by the number of items in a category that can be verbally listed in 60 seconds. It has a range of scores from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating higher verbal fluency and lower scores indicating lower verbal fluency. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in cognitive performance measured by Digit Symbol Substitution Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in cognitive performance measured by Digit Symbol Substitution Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance is defined by the number of correct symbols substitution in 90 seconds. It has a range of scores from 0 to 93, with higher scores indicating better cognitive performance and lower scores indicating poor cognitive performance. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in logical memory was measured by the Logical Memory Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in logical memory was measured by the Logical Memory Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. Performance is defined as the number of correct word items recalled. It has a range of scores from 0 to 23, with higher scores indicating better logical memory and lower scores indicating poor logical memory. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in digit span measured by the Digit Span Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in digit span measured by the Digit Span Test at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. The sequence and span scores have a range from 0 to 8 for forward subsets, and the sequence and span scores have a range from 0 to 7 for backward subsets. Higher scores indicating better cognitive performance and lower scores indicating poor cognitive performance. |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Change in health literacy measured by Chinese Health Literacy for Chronic Care at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. |
Change in health literacy measured by Chinese Health Literacy for Chronic Care at baseline, 6 months, 12 months and 18 months. It has a range of scores from 0 to 48, and the cut-off score is 36 (= 36 indicates "adequate health literacy"). |
4 time points including: baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months |
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