Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Withdrawn
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT05554627 |
| Other study ID # |
KEP-002-20S |
| Secondary ID |
|
| Status |
Withdrawn |
| Phase |
Phase 4
|
| First received |
|
| Last updated |
|
| Start date |
October 27, 2023 |
| Est. completion date |
October 27, 2023 |
Study information
| Verified date |
January 2024 |
| Source |
VA Office of Research and Development |
| Contact |
n/a |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
|
| Study type |
Interventional
|
Clinical Trial Summary
This is an open-label, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial of up to 6 months treatment
of adjunctive intranasal (IN) esketamine (ESK) vs. adjunctive aripiprazole (ARI) in Veterans
with unipolar Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD). This study will assess the efficacy,
safety, and acceptability of adjunctive IN ESK in comparison to ARI, one of the best studied
and most widely used adjunctive therapies for TRD. The primary hypothesis is that
participants receiving adjunctive IN ESK will be significantly more likely to achieve
remission after six weeks of treatment as compared to those who receive adjunctive ARI.
Depressive symptoms will be assessed by central raters (CR), blinded to treatment assignment,
using the clinician rated version of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology
(QIDS-C16), a well-validated tool that is commonly used and is easily translated across other
depression inventory scales. The study is powered to detect an absolute difference in
remission rates of 10%, or larger, at 6 weeks. Additional outcomes of interest include
symptom reduction across 6 months of randomized therapy, side effects and other tolerability
indices, attrition rates and measures of quality of life and cost-effectiveness.
Description:
OVERVIEW: This is an open-label, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial of up to 6 months
treatment of adjunctive intranasal (IN) esketamine (ESK) vs. adjunctive aripiprazole (ARI) in
Veterans with unipolar Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD). This study will assess the
efficacy, safety, and acceptability of adjunctive IN ESK in comparison to ARI, one of the
best studied and most widely used adjunctive therapies for TRD. The primary hypothesis is
that participants receiving adjunctive IN ESK will be significantly more likely to achieve
remission after six weeks of treatment as compared to those who receive adjunctive ARI.
Depressive symptoms will be assessed by central raters (CR), blinded to treatment assignment,
using the clinician rated version of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology
(QIDS-C16), a well-validated tool that is commonly used and is easily translated across other
depression inventory scales. The study is powered to detect an absolute difference in
remission rates of 10%, or larger, at 6 weeks. Additional outcomes of interest include
symptom reduction across 6 months of randomized therapy, side effects and other tolerability
indices, attrition rates and measures of quality of life and cost-effectiveness.
BACKGROUND: Among all medical, mental health and substance related disorders, Major
Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disease burden worldwide. MDD is a major
cause of suffering and disability for those receiving their care from the Veterans Health
Administration (VHA). Depression not only can have a ruinous effect on quality of life and
economic productivity, but also adversely effects health and reduces lifespan by 10 years.
About 2/3rds of those who die by suicide have a depressive disorder. The best means to reduce
the disease burden associated with MDD centers around prompt recognition and vigorous
pharmacologic and/or psychotherapeutic treatment. Many reasonably safe antidepressants and
effective forms of psychotherapy are available, but about one-third of depressed patients do
not respond to these therapies. By regulatory convention, the term TRD is used when a
depressed patient has not responded to two or more adequate medication trials in the current
episode. So defined, patients with TRD account for a disproportionately large share of
treatment resources and, despite such efforts, are at the highest risk to become chronically
ill, develop a complicating substance abuse disorder and/or die by suicide. In response to
the urgent need to test promising approaches to improve the outcomes of depressed Veterans,
in 2010 the VA Cooperative Studies Program initiated the VA Augmentation and Switching
Treatments for Improving Depression Outcomes (VAST-D) study. Focusing on the most promising
strategies available at the time, VAST-D enrolled 1,522 patients who had failed to respond to
their previous antidepressant treatment. Participants were randomized to one of three
strategies: adjunctive ARI, switching from their current antidepressant to bupropion or
adding adjunctive bupropion. The results of VAST-D, published in JAMA in August 2017, showed
that adjunctive ARI resulted in a significantly greater likelihood of remission as compared
to switching to bupropion; the group receiving adjunctive bupropion tended to have
intermediate outcomes. Secondary analyses of VAST-D demonstrated that the advantage of
adjunctive ARI among 12-week remitters was sustained across up to six months of therapy and
was evident whether or not patients had co-occurring PTSD. The critical importance of VAST-D
is that it was the first study to show any distinct advantage for any "next step" treatment
of MDD over any other and thus raised the hope that additional improvements could be found.
Separately, a series of studies showed that intravenous infusions of the dissociative
anesthetic ketamine could produce rapid antidepressant effects in a meaningful subset of
patients with TRD. Many patients begin to respond to infusions of sub-anesthetic doses of
racemic ketamine (i.e., 0.5 mg/kg) within 24 hours of administration and, although the
effects have been transient, most patients experience 4-7 days of symptom relief with each
infusion. Although such off-label use of this Schedule III controlled substance has increased
in the past decade, it is still rarely used, and issues pertaining to the feasibility of an
infusion therapy in ambulatory psychiatric care settings and abiding concerns about the lack
of well-controlled efficacy and safety data pertaining to longer term use have not been
addressed. Most recently, the efficacy and safety of IN delivery of the "s" enantiomer of
racemic ketamine (a.k.a. 'esketamine' [ESK]) has been evaluated as a means to address these
concerns. The safety and efficacy of ESK was evaluated in a series of phase III studies that
ultimately led to the recent approval by the U.S. FDA of ESK (Spravato) for the treatment of
TRD in adults. The FDA evaluated ESK in the context of three 4-week, placebo-controlled,
parallel-group studies (Studies 3001 and 3002 in adults 18 to 65 years of age; Study 3005 in
patients 65 years or older) and one longer-term randomized withdrawal study (Study 3003).
Long-term safety was also evaluated in a 12-month open-label safety study (Study 3004). In
aggregate, the FDA determined that the available evidence provided substantial evidence of
efficacy together with an acceptable risk profile. Despite this important potential advance
in the treatment of depression, no study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of esketamine
in a VA population. No study has evaluated ESK in comparison to an alternative
pharmacotherapy for TRD, and no study has systematically examined outcomes and adverse
effects for up to 6 months, a critical need in a chronic illness.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of VAST-D II is to study the efficacy and safety of adjunctive IN ESK as a
treatment option for patients with TRD. Specifically, this study is designed to assess the
efficacy of adjunctive IN ESK, in comparison to the best validated "next step"
pharmacotherapy for Veterans with TRD, namely adjunctive oral ARI. The primary outcome is
remission in a short-term acute treatment phase of six weeks. The key secondary outcome is
reduction in depressive symptoms from baseline to long-term follow-up of six months. The
extended follow-up period is also essential to collect important data on the effectiveness,
safety, and acceptability of this novel treatment in the investigators' patient population.
Exploratory outcomes include comparisons of symptom improvement, remission rates, and relapse
rates after remission, PTSD symptoms, suicidality, quality of life, and cost-benefit
analysis.
RESEARCH PLAN: 940 participants will be recruited from approximately 25 VA medical centers,
over an estimated 38 months, with each participant being treated and followed for 6 months.
All participants will be screened for eligibility including MDD diagnosis, TRD defined as at
least two unsuccessful trials on a pharmacological antidepressant, suicidal ideation (SI)
levels, current levels of substance abuse, and stability of medical condition. Otherwise, the
eligibility criteria are posed with an interest in capturing a largely representative sample.
Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio of equal allocation to either adjunctive ARI
(n=470) or adjunctive IN ESK (n=470), stratified by participating site. This study will be
open-label where both the treating staff and the participant are unblinded to their treatment
assignment, but the primary outcome will be assessed via telehealth by blinded remote raters
without knowledge of treatment assignment. All participants will complete in person or
telehealth follow-ups at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, and 24. The primary outcome will
be remission at week 6 defined by a QIDS-C16 score 5 assessed by blinded-to-treatment raters
remotely by telehealth.
Based on the week 6 findings of VAST-D, the investigators anticipate that about 16% of TRD
patients will remit with adjunctive ARI. The investigators predict that a 6-week course of
adjunctive IN ESK will result in at least a 26% remission rate. A total sample size of 940
participants will be required to test the hypothesis of a 10% absolute difference in
proportions at 90% power given a two-sided type-I error =0.05, adjusting for crossovers and
losses (25%).
IMPACT: A major comparative efficacy study of adjunctive IN ESK vs. the next best strategy,
adjunctive ARI, in Veterans with TRD is urgently needed to identify the short and longer-term
benefits and risks of esketamine, and whether the overall gains are substantial enough to
offset side effects, drug and treatment-associated costs, and patient burden incurred by the
need for ESK dosing in a healthcare setting and subsequent on-site monitoring.
