Asthma Clinical Trial
Official title:
Swan Study: Swimming Pool Environment Impact on the Human Respiratory Health
This study aims to assess the influence of exposure to swimming pool environment on respiratory symptoms and diseases, and on cancer outcomes among swimmers and swimming pool attendants.
Objectives:
1. In relation to human exposure 1.1. To assess the levels of certain disinfection
by-products (DBPs) in blood and urine (biomarkers of exposure); 1.2. To assess swimming
induced changes in biomarkers of genotoxicity, specifically micronuclei (MN) in
exfoliated urothelial cells and buccal cells and DNA damage in peripheral blood
lymphocytes, urine mutagenicity and in exfoliated urothelial; 1.3. To assess the
effects of swimming pool exposure on oxidative stress and lung damage in swimming pool
users; 1.4. To assess the impact of DBPs, including volatile DBPs on airway function,
inflammation and reactivity; 1.5. To assess the impact of swimming on skin
transepidermal water loss and dermal condition.
2. In relation to swimming pool environment 2.1. To assess water and air quality through
the analysis of several chemical (DBPs and other), physicochemical and microbiological
parameters and the associated short-term variation of their levels (hourly and daily);
2.2. To assess microbiological contamination of highly used surfaces; 2.3. To assess
mutagenicity of indoor chlorinated and brominated swimming pool water.
Methods
Study setting Chlorinated and brominated public indoor municipal swimming pools in the North
of Portugal.
Study design
This study will follow two distinct approaches:
1. A cross-sectional analysis to assess swimming pool physicochemical and microbiological
characteristics and the association between each parameter measured as an indicator of
water and air quality, contamination of surfaces and the health parameters assessed in
recreational users, swimming teachers and pool attendants.
2. An uncontrolled, before and after study to assess acute and chronic environmental
exposure effects on respiratory biomarkers of competitive swimmers:
1. Assessment of acute changes: regular competitive swimmers will be asked to swim
for 40 minutes in a single, indoor, 50 m-long chlorinated swimming pool. Before
and after swimming, a battery of measurements will be assessed to evaluate
respiratory health biomarkers.
2. Assessment of chronic changes: regular and naïf competitive swimmers will be
followed for a mean period of 90 days. A battery of measurements and biological
samples will be collected at the baseline evaluation and 90 days after, in order
to evaluate long-term changes in respiratory health biomarkers.
Recruitment and data collection procedures
1. Cross-sectional study. The cross-sectional analysis will be performed in fifty
municipal indoor swimming pools in the North of Portugal on a voluntary basis. The
administrative boards of each swimming pool will be approached by the research team to
present the study's purposes and procedures and to obtain their consent to perform the
study. Upon acceptance, recreational users, swimming coaches/teachers and pool
attendants will be contacted and invited to participate. All subjects will receive a
written description of the study (appendix I-a) and the informed consent form (appendix
II-a). Those who provide an informed consent signed by both the subject and legal tutor
(if a minor) will be included in the study. Recreational swimmers, swimming teachers
and pool attendants will be asked to complete a self-administered standardized home
questionnaire comprising sociodemographic and health-related information, with a major
focus on respiratory health. Participants will also be asked to provide information on
their food consumption, physical activity levels and psychological well-being. Subjects
should return the completed questionnaires at the swimming pool facilities. A medical
examination will also be performed by trained health professionals and will include
anthropometric measurements, blood pressure evaluation, urine sample collection, skin
prick testing, exhaled breath condensate collection, lung function evaluation by
spirometry with bronchodilation, in a period conveniently scheduled with the
participating subjects.
The assessment of swimming pool chemical (DBPs and others), physicochemical and
microbiological characteristics will include sampling in the water, air and eventually
selected surfaces, that include: pool edges, stairs and starting blocks, floors (pool
and bathhouse), walls (concrete and glass of the pool and bathhouse) and highly touched
surfaces such as bathhouse benches. We will measure different chemical, physicochemical
and microbiological parameters in multiple locations within the pool structure in order
to characterize the exposure and its spatial and temporal distribution both within a
specific swimming pool and also between the different swimming pools studied.
2. Uncontrolled, before and after study. A single, indoor, 50-meter-long chlorinated
swimming pool in Porto, Portugal, will be selected for this study. The administrative
board will be approached by the research team to present the study's purposes and
procedures and to obtain their consent to perform the study. Upon acceptance, the
competitive swimming team will be asked to participate in the study. All subjects will
receive a written description of the study (appendix I-b) and the informed consent form
(appendix II-b). Competitive swimmers with 12 years of age or older who provide an
informed consent signed by both the subject and legal tutor (if a minor) will be
included in an uncontrolled before and after study to assess acute and chronic
respiratory symptoms after a regular training session. This assessment will be executed
following two approaches:
1. Assessment of acute changes: in a period conveniently scheduled with the swimmers
and their coaches, a medical examination will be performed in order to assess
baseline respiratory biomarkers of competitive swimmers. This examination will
include the assessment of exhaled breath condensate and lung function evaluation.
The same biological measurements will be performed after a single regular training
session and an interviewer-administered questionnaire will be applied.
2. Assessment of chronic changes: Competitive swimmers will also be followed through
a 90-day period in order to evaluate long-term changes in respiratory and cancer
biomarkers. The baseline evaluation will consist in the assessment of biological
measurements, namely anthropometric measurements, blood pressure evaluation,
sample collection (i.e. blood and urine samples and buccal swab), skin prick
testing, pupillometry, capsaicin challenge, exhaled breath condensate collection,
lung function evaluation (namely, spirometry with bronchodilation, impulse
oscillometry, methacholine challenge and fractional concentration of orally
exhaled nitric oxide) and transepidermal water loss assessment. Participants will
also be asked to provide information on sociodemographic characteristics, personal
and family history of disease, use of medication, frequency of self-reported
respiratory, ocular and cutaneous symptoms, data on health-related behaviors,
namely tobacco use, physical activity levels and food consumption, through an
interviewer-administered questionnaire. A full examination will be performed only
at baseline and at the follow-up assessment (90 days after).
This evaluation will be performed by trained health professionals in a room inside the
swimming pool facilities but separated from the swimming pool area, in a period conveniently
scheduled with the swimmers and their coaches. Due to the possibility of experiencing
transient symptoms, participants will be asked to visit the research department in order to
perform the methacholine challenge. Participants will be reimbursed for any travel expenses.
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Observational Model: Case-Crossover, Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional
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