Anxiety Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Effect of Breath Therapy and Emotional Freedom Technique on Public Speaking Anxiety in Turkish Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Study
Introduction Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA), also referred to as public speaking anxiety, is a
costly (Lépine, 2002) and disabling fear (Blöte et al., 2009), with prevalence rates ranging
from 21 (Pollard and Henderson, 1988) to 33% (Stein et al., 1996; D'El Rey and Pacini, 2005)
in community samples. FoPS has been reported as the single most commonly feared situation in
both university and community samples (Pollard and Henderson, 1988; Holt et al., 1992; Stein
et al., 1996; Tillfors and Furmark, 2007).EFT is an energy psychotherapy derivative
application consisting of cognitive and somatic components used to improve personal negative
emotions and related emotional and physical ailments.It is reported that the most recognized
and used EFT among Energy Therapies is an effective method especially on anxiety, depression,
burnout, stress management, and fears (Feinstein 2008; Irmak Vural & Aslan, 2018; Sezgin,
2017; Sezgin & Özcan, 2009).Breatihin therapy is another one. Purpose of the study The
current study aims to determine the effect of the Breath Therapy and Emotional Freedom
Technique on public speaking anxiety in Turkish Nursing Students.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate two research hypotheses as follows:
H1: Emotional freedom technique is effective in reducing public speaking anxiety H2: Breath
Therapy is effective in reducing public speaking anxiety A randomized controlled experimental
research design will be used. The study complied with the guidelines of the Consolidated
Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist. The data will be collected with
demographic information form, Subjective Discomfort Unit Scale, The State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory, and Speech Anxiety Scale.demographic information form: This form contains 5
questions including the age, gender, economic status, place of residence of students in the
form developed by the researchers.
Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale SUDS. It was developed by Wolpe (1970). This scale,
which is used in energy therapies and evaluates the individual's own discomfort, is scored
between 0 and 10. 0 no discomfort 10 is considered to be unbearable discomfort (Wolpe, 1973).
The individual should evaluate the discomfort he feels at that moment and give a score. This
score serves as a concrete and basic starting point for the patient's condition at the time
of application and reflects the change at the end of the application. According to the
Church; EFT; Individuals' discomfort assessments are made using the Subjective Units of
Disturbance (SUD) scale used by Wolpe (Church, 2013a).
he State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI Tx-1 and Tx-2) It was developed by Spilberg et al to
detect the state and trait anxiety levels of individuals. Its validity and reliability in
Turkish was done by Öner and Lecompte. The scale consists of a total of 40 questions, 20
questions of state anxiety and 20 questions of constant anxiety. State anxiety scale; to
state how the person feels at any time and under any circumstances; It is asked to answer
taking into account the feeling related to the situation. On the scale of trait anxiety; one
is often expected to interpret how he feels. There are positive and negative expressions on
the scale. These statements; are expressed as plain and inverted expressions. Straight
expressions, negative emotions; reversed statements reflect positive emotions. There are 8
reversed statements on the state anxiety scale and 7 on the trait anxiety scale. Items on the
state anxiety scale 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, and on the trait anxiety scale
1,6,7,10,13,16,19. items are reversed statements. The emotions, thoughts and behaviors stated
in the state anxiety scale are answered as 1: none, 4: completely according to the violence
level of the experiences. Feelings, thoughts and behaviors stated in the trait anxiety scale
are also marked as 1-almost never, 4-almost always according to the frequency level. For both
scales; 0-19 points (none), 20-39 points (mild), 40-59 points (moderate), 60- 79 points
(severe), 80 points and above are considered as very severe anxiety. Cronbach alpha value of
the state anxiety scale was 0.93; The Cronbach alpha value of the trait anxiety scale is 0.94
(Öner, 1998). In the present study, Cronbach's alpha value was found to be 0.81 for the STAI
Tx-1 and 0.76 for the STAI Tx-2.
Speech Anxiety Scale (CUR): It was developed by Yaman and Sofu (2013) to evaluate students'
speech anxiety levels. The scale consisting of 25 items is scored as 5-point Likert type and
1: strongly disagree, 4: strongly agree. In the scale, items 5, 6, 9, 10, 13 and 14 are
reversed. A high score indicates that the person's anxiety to speak is high. Cronbach alpha
value of the scale was found to be 0.79. In this study, Cronbach alpha value is 0.78.
The criteria for inclusion in the research are a) being 18 years of age and over b) not
having any psychiatric diagnosis c) not having taken a course or lesson about coping with
anxiety and stress d) not speaking before the community e) volunteering to participate in the
study .
Procedure The study will be carried out before the presentations on the prevention of chronic
diseases within the scope of the Chronic Diseases course. 3 separate halls will be set up for
the intervention and control groups to make their presentations. Students will start working
after being taken to the halls set up for them.
Demographic information form, Subjective Discomfort Unit Scale (SUD), STAI-I and STAI-II and
Speech Anxiety scales will be applied to the students in the EFT intervention group. Later,
information about the EFT method to be used within the scope of the research will be given.
One EFT session (25 minutes) was held once. After applying SUD, STAI-I and STAI-II and Speech
Anxiety scales as a final test, students in the EFT group will make their speeches in front
of the community.
Demographic information form, Subjective Discomfort Unit Scale (SUD), STAI-I and STAI-II and
Speech Anxiety scales will be applied to the students in the breathing exercise intervention
group. Later, information will be given about the breathing exercise method to be used in the
research. Students will be given one breathing exercise session (25 minutes). After applying
SUD, STAI-I and STAI-II and Speech Anxiety scales as the final test, students in the
breathing exercise group will have their speeches in front of the community.
Demographic information form, Subjective Discomfort Unit Scale (SUD), STAI-I and STAI-II and
Speech Anxiety scales were applied to the students in the control group. No intervention was
made to the students in the control group. 25 minutes after the pretest application, SUD,
STAI-I and STAI-II and Speech Anxiety scales were applied as posttest. Then the students in
the control group made their speeches in front of the community.
EFT tapping: the basic recipe The EFT application will be implemented by the researcher who
has been trained in this subject, in the most quiet and calm environment possible, in a
position where the individuals are comfortable. There are basic steps to be followed in EFT
application. Thought Field Therapy (TFT), developed by Callahan, based on Craig, uses
different click points for specific psychological conditions, while EFT has 12 energy click
points in the same specified order to treat every emotional problem, It is called 'Basic
Recipe' (Craig, 2004).
While applying the Basic Recipe, the following steps are followed;
1. Determination of SUD level (Student makes the scoring of the problem he feels on the
scale between zero and ten points.)
2. Installation (The general structure is "I accept myself deeply and completely despite
this ……….".
3. Clicking the meridian points in order (The points given in Figure 2 are clicked.)
4. Nine Gamut procedures (Some eye movements, murmurs and counts are made while clicking on
the Gamut point in hand.)
5. Clicking the meridian points in order again
6. Control of differentiation at the level of discomfort with SUD again (Craig, 2004;
Church, 2004; Craig, 2017).
Implementing the batting series: With the index finger and middle finger, EFT points (Figure
2) are struck without hurt but with precise strokes. EFT points are the end points of the
energy meridians. These endpoints are close to the surface of the body and are therefore more
easily accessible than other buried points. Strikes at EFT points compensate for any possible
disorders. At each point, the problem statement is repeated aloud (if possible).
Breathing therapy: the basic recipe After applying pre-test forms to students, the hall will
be quiet and dim. In this study, breathing exercise application will be performed in three
stages as (1) relax, (2) deep breath and (3) feel yourself. Relaxing music including bird
sounds and water sounds will be used to ensure the concentration and focus of the
participants. It will be said to breathe deeply and feel it
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