Early EEG-NF Intervention for the Prevention of PTSD

Acute Coronary Syndrome Clinical Trial

Official title:

Early EEG-NF Intervention for the Prevention of PTSD in First Time ACS Patients

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Not yet recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT01729780
• Other study ID #: 0565-12-TLV
• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• First received: November 14, 2012
• Last updated: November 19, 2012
• Start date: December 2012
• Est. completion date: December 2014

Study information

• Verified date: October 2012
• Source: Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
• Contact: Talma - Hendler, Prof'
• Phone: 972-3-6973953
• Email: hendlert[@]gmail.com
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Israel: Ministry of Health
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

12% of patients suffering from an acute crornary syndrome will develop long lasting anxiety symptoms. The object of this study is to lessen or prevent these symptoms by the use of neurofeed back (EEG-NF).

Description:

The accepted definition for a mentally traumatic event is an event in which there is a chance of death, severe injury or a severe threat to one's body (either as a victim or as an observer) and that event stimulates an intense emotional response of fear, horror or helplessness1. About forty percent of western population will undergo such an event during their life time, out of which up to thirty percent will suffer from a short live anxiety disorder and up to quarter will suffer from a chronic anxiety disorder (PTSD - Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) or depression2,3.

The distinction between different anxiety disorders is based on their time of appearance and how long they will last. The shortest disorder is the acute stress reaction (ASR) which appears immediately after the traumatic event and will disappear after 48 - 72 hours. ASR symptoms include dissociation, anxiety and affective instubility3. The medium range anxiety disorder is the acute stress disorder (ASD), which appears in the first two weeks following the event and will last up to a month. Its symptoms include dissociation, re-experiencing of the traumatic event and avoidant behavior of places and actions that might resemble the traumatic event. The long lasting disorder is the post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which lasts more than a month and includes symptoms of re-experiencing, avoidant behavior and hyper arousal1.

A recent meta analysis of studies on the prevalence of PTSD in patients suffering from an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) demonstrated that about 12% will develop PTSD (in some studies the prevalence was up to 32%). In three of the studies that were included, the morbidity and mortality stemming from the PTSD were examined and were twice as high compared to the patients without PTSD4.

The personal, social and financial toll of anxiety disorders is significant and still, to date, there is no excepted treatment that aims to prevent the occurrence of these disorders. A few studies on the subject have shown that early interventions (done in the days to weeks after the traumatic event) have an advantage in the prevention of PTSD, as opposed to immediate interventions (that show no benefit)5,6.

Due to the subjectivity of the experience of a traumatic event there is great difficulty in the prediction of who will develop an anxiety disorder. A few risk factors for the development of PTSD were suggested in different studies: female sex, minors, low socioeconomic status, young age, history of trauma, mental illness, little social support, the severity of the event and adrenergic hyperactivity following the event5.

The brain areas that were reported as being involved in PTSD are the Amygdala and the prefrontal cortex7. Still, these observations are not enough to construct a predictive model that will allow diagnosis and / or treatment. A prospective study, done in our lab, demonstrated hyperactivity in the Amygdala alongside changes in hypocampal plasticity and a decrease in the activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in comparison to baseline in subjects suffering from PTSD, or that have shown high levels of anxiety without a formal diagnosis of an anxiety disorder8.

Pharmacological interventions after trauma events have shown poor specificity and benefit. In contrast, behavioral \ psychological interventions such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) that are trauma oriented have shown some benefit6. Alas, due to their nature of re-experiencing and reliving of the traumatic events patients are reluctant to partake.

A new kind of intervention, that has been becoming popular in the past few years, is changing of brain wave pattern by the use of Neurofeedback (EEG-NF). By using a closed circuit brain computer interface (BCI), the patient receives feedback about his (or hers) brain activity via an external marker that is linked to his mental status. The feedback allows the patient modulation of brain activity in a designated area to which the practice is aimed. The practice lasts a few sessions, after which the patient can apply the technique without immediate feedback10,11.

Early studies of EEG-NF focused on alpha waves (8 - 12 Hz) due to their link to feelings for calm12,13. Later, the method was broadened due to findings that showed that during a state of sleepiness the main frequency in brain activity is low theta waves (4-7 Hz)14. The method of A/T NF was since used in the research and in treatment of ADD/ADHD15 and was shown to be useful in the alleviation of symptoms of PTSD in two studies16,17. In a recent study EEG-NF was effective in reducing level of anxiety in patients after an acute coronary event18.

First appointment - Subjects will be asked to join during their hospitalization in the cardiac intensive care unit at the first 72 hours after their coronary event. In this meeting subjects will be asked to sign an informed consent form and will be interviewed by one of the study team members and will be asked to answer psychological questioners. Also, they will perform a resting EEG, while trying to relax with no special guidance. The meeting will last about an hour.

Some of the subjects will be asked to undergo an MRI brain scan during that hospitalization. In the first part of the scan subjects will be asked to remain still for a few moments and try to relax (with no special guidance). After that they will watch a series of pictures and movie clips with emotional valence. During the final part of the scan subjects will be asked again to remain still for a few moments. This meeting, when performed, will also last for about an hour.

First follow up meeting (will be done face to face or by phone): A month following the coronary event a team member will contact the subjects and ask for a second appointment, during which the questioners will be redone in order to asses anxiety and depression levels, including the appearance of post traumatic symptoms. The purpose of this meeting is to identify the subject at high risk for developing PTSD. The meeting will last about an hour.

After the second meeting sixty patients, who exhibited post traumatic symptoms, will be asked to continue in the study. The rest will be excluded from it. Those who will continue will undergo 12 additional meetings:

An initial meeting before starting the EEG-NF training, during which patients will fill questioners and will undergo resting EEG with no guidance. After which they will undergo an MRI scan during rest and exposure to stimuli. This meeting will last an hour and a half to two hours.

Next, the subjects will be divided into two groups. The first will undergo ten EEG-NF training meetings and the second will undergo ten shame EEG-NF meetings. The meetings will be done in a time frame of two months and will be guided by the study's team members.

The EEG-NF training will be alpha/theta EEG, as specified earlier. Each subject will be connected to an EEG device continuously registering his / hers' brainwave activity. The alpha/theta ratio will be computed online and will be translated to the subject as a sound. A decrease in the ration, implicating relaxation, will lead to a decrease in the sounds' volume. The subject will be asked to continue and soften the sound by relaxing. Each meeting will last twenty minutes.

The shame group will be connected to the same EEG device, will hear the same sound and will be asked to relax in order to soften the sound. The sounds' volume will not be depended on their alpha/theta ratio and will change randomly. Each meeting will last twenty minutes.

Final meeting: two to four weeks following the completion of the ten EEG-NF meetings (true or shame), subjects will be asked for a final meeting in which they will undergo clinical evaluation and a second MRI brain scan. They will fill the same questioners as earlier. This meeting will last an hour and a half to two hours.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Not yet recruiting
• Enrollment: 150
• Est. completion date: December 2014
• Est. primary completion date: October 2013
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 18 Years to 70 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• First ACS.

• Hemodynamic stable.

• Underwent MRI scan clearance as accustomed in the Tel Aviv medical center.

• The participation of a patient, who underwent an insertion of a coronary stent, will be allowed only if the stent maker cleared in writing the stent exposure to a magnetic field of 3 Tesla, and a written consent by the patients' cardiologist was supplied

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patient does not speak Hebrew.

• The patient is having chest pain.

• History of psychiatric or neurologic condition requiring hospitalization.

• Hemodynamic instability.

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Single Blind (Subject), Primary Purpose: Prevention

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Acute Coronary Syndrome
• PTSD

Intervention

Device:
• EEG-NF

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center

References & Publications (21)

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Agorastos A, Marmar CR, Otte C. Immediate and early behavioral interventions for the prevention of acute and posttraumatic stress disorder. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2011 Nov;24(6):526-32. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834cdde2. Review. — View Citation

Angelakis E, Stathopoulou S, Frymiare JL, Green DL, Lubar JF, Kounios J. EEG neurofeedback: a brief overview and an example of peak alpha frequency training for cognitive enhancement in the elderly. Clin Neuropsychol. 2007 Jan;21(1):110-29. Review. — View Citation

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991 Mar;48(3):216-22. — View Citation

Bryant RA, Friedman MJ, Spiegel D, Ursano R, Strain J. A review of acute stress disorder in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2011 Sep;28(9):802-17. doi: 10.1002/da.20737. Epub 2010 Nov 3. Review. — View Citation

Budzynski, T. and J. Stoyva, Biofeedback techniques in behavior therapy, in Biofeedback and self-control 1972, 7 Aldine: Chicago. p. 437-59

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders 4th ed, ed. A.P. Association. 1995, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press

Edmondson D, Richardson S, Falzon L, Davidson KW, Mills MA, Neria Y. Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk of recurrence in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analytic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e38915. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038915. Epub 2012 Jun 20. Review. — View Citation

Gevensleben H, Holl B, Albrecht B, Vogel C, Schlamp D, Kratz O, Studer P, Rothenberger A, Moll GH, Heinrich H. Is neurofeedback an efficacious treatment for ADHD? A randomised controlled clinical trial. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;50(7):780-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02033.x. Epub 2009 Jan 12. — View Citation

Hamilton M. Rating depressive patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1980 Dec;41(12 Pt 2):21-4. — View Citation

Hayes JP, Hayes SM, Mikedis AM. Quantitative meta-analysis of neural activity in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord. 2012 May 18;2:9. doi: 10.1186/2045-5380-2-9. — View Citation

Kamiya, J., Operant control of the EEG alpha rhythm and some of its reported effects on consciousness, in Altered states of consciousness. 1969, Wiley: New York. p. 519-29

McFarland DJ, Miner LA, Vaughan TM, Wolpaw JR. Mu and beta rhythm topographies during motor imagery and actual movements. Brain Topogr. 2000 Spring;12(3):177-86. — View Citation

McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Lu JF, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. Med Care. 1994 Jan;32(1):40-66. — View Citation

Michael AJ, Krishnaswamy S, Mohamed J. An open label study of the use of EEG biofeedback using beta training to reduce anxiety for patients with cardiac events. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2005 Dec;1(4):357-63. — View Citation

Peniston, E. and P. Kulkosky, Alpha-theta brainwave neuro-feedback therapy for Vietnam veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Medical Psychotherapy, 1991(4): p. 47-60

Peniston, E., et al., EEG alpha-theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy, 1993(6): p. 37-50

Prasad G, Herman P, Coyle D, McDonough S, Crosbie J. Applying a brain-computer interface to support motor imagery practice in people with stroke for upper limb recovery: a feasibility study. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2010 Dec 14;7:60. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-7-60. — View Citation

Roberts NP, Kitchiner NJ, Kenardy J, Bisson JI. Early psychological interventions to treat acute traumatic stress symptoms. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Mar 17;(3):CD007944. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007944.pub2. Review. — View Citation

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* Note: There are 21 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Anxiety levels after 10 sessions of EEG-NF.	Patients will be assessed for thei anxiety levels, 2 to 4 weeks after completing 10 meetings of EEG-NF.	2 to 4 weeks after complition of the meetings.	No