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McDevitt A, Young J, Mintken P, Cleland J Regional interdependence and manual therapy directed at the thoracic spine. J Man Manip Ther. 2015 Jul;23(3):139-46. doi: 10.1179/2042618615Y.0000000005.
Pickar JG Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation. Spine J. 2002 Sep-Oct;2(5):357-71. doi: 10.1016/s1529-9430(02)00400-x.
Sandell J, Palmgren PJ, Bjorndahl L Effect of chiropractic treatment on hip extension ability and running velocity among young male running athletes. J Chiropr Med. 2008 Jun;7(2):39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.jcme.2008.02.003.
Sanders GD, Nitz AJ, Abel MG, Symons TB, Shapiro R, Black WS, Yates JW Effects of Lumbosacral Manipulation on Isokinetic Strength of the Knee Extensors and Flexors in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blind Crossover Trial. J Chiropr Med. 2015 Dec;14(4):240-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2015.08.002. Epub 2015 Nov 6.
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The Effect of Spinal Manipulation on Hip Extension Strength and Jump Height, A Double Blind Randomized Control Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.