Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Trial
Official title:
Noroxin Efficacy and Safety Trial
To determine the efficacy and safety of Norfloxacin (Noroxin)
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections, affecting
150 million people each year worldwide. Clinically, UTIs are categorized as uncomplicated or
complicated. Uncomplicated UTIs typically affect individuals who are otherwise healthy and
have no structural or neurological urinary tract abnormalities; these infections are
differentiated into lower UTIs (cystitis) and upper UTIs (pyelonephritis). Several risk
factors are associated with cystitis, including female gender, a prior UTI, sexual activity,
vaginal infection, diabetes, obesity and genetic susceptibility.
UTIs are caused by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, as well as by certain
fungi. The most common causative agent for both uncomplicated and complicated UTIs is
uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). For the agents involved in uncomplicated UTIs, UPEC is
followed in prevalence by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus
faecalis, group B Streptococcus (GBS), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus and Candida spp. Currently, antibiotics — such as trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole, floxacin and ampicillin — are the most commonly recommended therapeutics
for UTIs6. UTIs are becoming increasingly difficult to treat owing to the widespread
emergence of an array of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Of particular concern are members
of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including E. coli and K. pneumoniae, which have both
acquired plasmids encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs). These plasmids rapidly
spread resistance to third-generation cephalosporins as well as other antibiotics.
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