Thyroid Surgery Clinical Trial
Official title:
Intra-operative Monitoring of the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve (EBSLN) During Thyroid Surgery: Does it Improve Voice Preservation?
Thyroid surgeons place an enormous amount of importance and rightly so to the preservation of
the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroidectomies. A good knowledge of the anatomy
of the nerve and meticulous dissection technique and intraoperative identification of the
nerve are crucial to the anatomic and functional integrity of the nerve. The use of
intraoperative neural monitoring to aid the surgeon in the identification of the RLN has
gained acceptance and is considered standard practice in several units. However, lesser
emphasis has been placed historically on the identification and preservation of the external
branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) during thyroid surgery. The EBSLN supplies the
cricothyroid muscle that controls pitch variation during phonation. Unlike damage to the
recurrent laryngeal nerve which manifests readily as vocal cord paralysis, intraoperative
damage to EBSLN is difficult to assess postoperatively as visual assessment of the larynx is
not indicative of the integrity of the nerve. Injury of the EBSLN can cause weakness or
complete paralysis of the ipsilateral cricothyroid muscle. Patients may report a deeper voice
or an inability to produce high pitched sounds.
Patients may also complain of weakness, tightness of the voice, and require extra effort to
speak. Of note, voice changes with EBSLN injury are subtle in the general population but can
be devastating in patients who depend on their voice for a living. Importantly, EBSLN injury
is reported in upto 50% of thyroid surgery in contrast to 12% of recurrent laryngeal nerve
injury during thyroid surgery. The new guidelines published in the Laryngoscope recommend
routine intraoperative neural monitoring of EBSLN. The Investigators have a functional system
in use currently for monitoring recurrent laryngeal nerve intraoperatively and propose to
study the impact of monitoring the EBSLN using the same neural monitoring device to improve
voice results following thyroid surgery.
Thyroid surgery can result in change in the voice. This is because two nerves controlling the
voice quality are situated very close anatomically to the thyroid gland and are at risk of
damage during the surgery. One of the nerves that is called the recurrent laryngeal nerve
controls the movements of the voice cords and is more readily identifiable and its injury is
also detected easily by direct examination of the voice box as reduced/absent movement of the
voice cord. It gets damaged in upto 1% of thyroid surgeries. The other nerve that is of
interest to our study is called the superior laryngeal nerve, and its external branch (EBSLN)
controls the pitch of the voice cord by supplying a muscle called the cricothyroid. This
nerve is difficult to see and is reported to be damaged in 50% of thyroid surgeries. Its
damage cannot be picked up on direct examination of the larynx and voice changes are subtle
though devastating for individuals who depend on their voice for their livelihood singers
actors etc. The Investigators would like to study if using a nerve monitor that is used to
check the RLN during thyroid surgery can also be used to check the EBSLN. The Investigators
hope that this could reduce the chances of damaging the nerve significantly. If the study
shows good preservation of the EBSLN with the nerve monitor the Investigators will be able to
make it a standard procedure during thyroid surgery.
The Investigators plan to recruit patients undergoing thyroid surgery involving one half of
the thyroid gland. They will be given all the information about the study and consent will be
obtained. If they agree to participate they will be divided into two groups randomly those
who will have the intraoperative EBSLN monitoring and those who will not. All patients will
have a preoperative voice assessment in the speech therapy unit which will involve filling in
a voice questionnaire and undergoing a glottography (pitch assessment) They will then undergo
the surgery Approximately 3 months after the surgery they will have another voice assessment
using the voice questionnaire and the glottography. At this time they will also have an EMG
assessment of the cricothyroid muscle which is the best method to check the function of the
EBSLN. No further procedures/assessments will be undertaken.
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