Smoking Clinical Trial
Official title:
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Female Fetal Testosterone Levels
- The investigators hope their study will answer the question of whether or not fetal
testosterone levels are increased in female newborns exposed to nicotine as a result of
maternal smoking during pregnancy. Secondarily they plan to also evaluate maternal
cotinine and testosterone levels and newborn anogenital distance, second digit to fourth
digit (2D:4D) finger length ratio, newborn length and birth weight.
- The investigators hope by performing this study, they will help to uncover the effect of
tobacco exposure in utero on human female fetal testosterone levels, thus improving the
counseling for tobacco use in pregnancy.
Epidemiological studies and laboratory research performed on animal models have revealed that
the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy go beyond the perinatal period due to the
effect of nicotine on increasing fetal testosterone levels. This is of great concern as an
increase fetal testosterone has been linked to impaired reproductive development and
infertility in both male and female offspring, early onset of menarche in females, shorter
body height, increased BMI, shortened anogenital distance and low second digit to fourth
digit finger length ratio. Additionally elevated fetal testosterone levels have been
associated with development of psychosocial disorders such as Autism, ADHD, antisocial
behavior, conduct disorder, adult criminal behavior, and sensation seeking behavior.
Although there have been a few animal studies that have investigated the effects of maternal
nicotine exposure on fetal testosterone levels with review of the epidemiologic literature on
subsequent adverse implications, no known human studies have been performed to further
investigate the relationship between maternal smoking during pregnancy and female fetal
testosterone levels.
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