Shoulder Dislocation — Interscalene Nerve Block vs. Sedation for Shoulder Dislocation Reduction
Citation(s)
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Burton JH, Bock AJ, Strout TD, Marcolini EG Etomidate and midazolam for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocation: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 Nov;40(5):496-504.
Davis JJ, Swenson JD, Greis PE, Burks RT, Tashjian RZ Interscalene block for postoperative analgesia using only ultrasound guidance: the outcome in 200 patients. J Clin Anesth. 2009 Jun;21(4):272-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2008.08.022.
Matthews DE, Roberts T Intraarticular lidocaine versus intravenous analgesic for reduction of acute anterior shoulder dislocations. A prospective randomized study. Am J Sports Med. 1995 Jan-Feb;23(1):54-8.
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Reid N, Stella J, Ryan M, Ragg M Use of ultrasound to facilitate accurate femoral nerve block in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2009 Apr;21(2):124-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2009.01163.x.
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Singelyn FJ, Lhotel L, Fabre B Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a comparison of intraarticular analgesia, suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg. 2004 Aug;99(2):589-92, table of contents.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
