P3 (Prepared, Protected, emPowered)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinical Trial

— P3  

Official title:

P3 (Prepared, Protected, emPowered): Promoting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Through a Social Networking, Gamification, and Adherence Support App

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03320512
• Other study ID #: 17-1951
• Secondary ID: 5U19HD089881-02
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: May 15, 2019
• Est. completion date: September 16, 2021

Study information

• Verified date: August 2022
• Source: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

P3 (Prepared, Protected, emPowered) is an interactive smartphone app for HIV-uninfected YMSM and YTW that utilizes social networking and game-based mechanics as well as a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes "best practices" in app development to improve PrEP adherence and persistence in PrEP care.

Description:

Sustainable, integrated PrEP adherence interventions are critically needed to reduce HIV incidence among YMSM and YTW. It is imperative that the investigators develop adherence interventions for YMSM and YTW initiating PrEP that are engaging, age-appropriate and take advantage of technologies that are already embedded in these individual's lives. A smartphone-delivered PrEP adherence intervention is well suited for this population, given they have a high-uptake and utilization of smartphone technology. The use of smartphones to deliver HIV prevention and care interventions has grown substantially in recent years due to: a) wide-scale adoption of smartphone technology among high-risk groups, b) the ability to deliver interventions in real-time within risk contexts, and c) low implementation costs.The accessibility, affordability, anonymity and acceptability of smartphones make them the intervention medium of choice for engaging youth and a logical platform to deliver an adherence intervention targeting PrEP. Further, smartphone interventions address can overcome issues that impede engagement with in-person interventions such as transportation logistics, stigma and confidentiality. Further youth, including YMSM and YTW are receptive to smartphone delivered interventions and these interventions can impact HIV related prevention behaviors.

P3 (Prepared, Protected, emPowered) is an interactive smartphone app for HIV-uninfected YMSM and YTW that utilizes social networking and game-based mechanics as well as a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes "best practices" in app development to improve PrEP adherence and persistence in PrEP care. Built on a successful, evidence-based platform designed and tested by our collaborating technology partner, Ayogo, P3 is flexible and responsive to changes in technology. This flexibility will also allow us to quickly respond to and modify our intervention to align with emerging PrEP practice standards and guidelines.

Despite the benefits of app-based interventions, maintaining engagement over time can be particularly challenging. Lack of rapport building may contribute to lower retention rates in technology-based interventions. Further, the available literature suggests that some tools, including technology based tools, may be more beneficial to patient adherence when combined with education or counseling. To investigate this possibility, the investigators will include a study arm (P3+) that includes P3 and adherence counseling delivered by a counselor through the P3 app.

This study has three phases, usability testing, field testing, and a randomized-controlled trial (RCT). In usability testing the investigators will test beta versions of the app and gain feedback about the intervention from the target population, identify any technical issues, and get feedback on app content. Field testing is to ensure that the features, platform and content of P3 and P3+ are acceptable to the target population and that there are no technical challenges or user concerns with either the app, the dried blood spot (DBS), hair, or mitra sampling collection.

The last phase is a three arm, RCT that will test the efficacy of P3, a novel, theory-based mobile app that utilizes game mechanics and social networking features to improve PrEP adherence, retention in PrEP clinical care, and PrEP persistence among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) and young trans women (YTW) who have sex with men, ages 16-24. The investigators will test the efficacy of P3 and P3+, which adds Next Step Counseling delivered by an adherence counselor through the app, against PrEP standard of care. Participants will be randomized to P3, P3+, or standard of care. A cost comparison between P3 and P3+ will be conducted.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 246
• Est. completion date: September 16, 2021
• Est. primary completion date: September 16, 2021
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Male
• Age group: 16 Years to 24 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Are aged 16-24

• Were assigned male sex at birth

• Report sex with men or transgender women

• Are able to speak and read English

• Have reliable daily access to an Android or iOS smartphone with a data plan

• Are HIV-uninfected (self-report)

• Are not currently on PrEP but plan to initiate in the next 7 days and have an active PrEP prescription (prescription confirmed by study staff) OR on PrEP have an active PrEP prescription (prescription confirmed by study staff)

• Recruited from one of 9 subject recruitment venues (SRV) cities (Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Bronx, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Houston, Texas; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Tampa, Florida; Chapel Hill, NC; Charlotte, NC)

Exclusion Criteria:

• Aged younger than 15 years or older than 24 years

• Not available to meet with project staff for planned study visit(s)

• Non-English speaking

• Living with HIV

• Not currently prescribed PrEP (study staff unable to verify participant has an active PrEP prescription by a health provider)

• Anticipate not having reliable access to a smartphone with a data plan for 2 or more days during field testing or 1 or more weeks during the RCT intervention period

• Planning to move out of study area during the study period

• Unwilling or unable to comply with protocol requirements.

• Participated in field trial phase of P3 study

• Unable to be consented due to active substance use or psychological condition.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Adherence, Medication
• Safe Sex
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Intervention

Behavioral:
• P3
P3 is an interactive smartphone app that utilizes social networking and game-based mechanics to improve PrEP adherence and persistence in PrEP care. The participant will install P3 on their phone, receive a guided tour of the app and a reminder card with the research coordinator's phone number and email address and instructed to contact the research coordinator immediately to report difficulties with any app components or to report any problems with their phone or phone service. A help link is embedded within the app that directly links to study staff if assistance is needed. P3 arm participants will have 24-hour access to all features of P3.
• P3+
In P3+, participants receive all of P3 and the ability to text in the app with an adherence counselor, using Next Step Counseling (NSC). NSC is an interactive, client-centered motivational intervention to improve PrEP adherence. Key components of NSC include: review experiences with adherence, exploration of adherence facilitators and barriers, identification of adherence needs, identification of strategies to meet needs, and development of an adherence action plan. Participants will install P3+ on their phone. The adherence counselor feature will be unlocked for those in the P3+ arm. P3+ participants will have 24-hour access to all features of P3+.
• Control
Control participants will receive the standard of care for receiving a prescription for PrEP.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	PRISM Health	Atlanta	Georgia
United States	The Fenway Institute	Boston	Massachusetts
United States	Children's Hospital at Montefiore	Bronx	New York
United States	UNC-Chapel Hill	Chapel Hill	North Carolina
United States	RAIN	Charlotte	North Carolina
United States	The Adolescent and Young Adult Research (AYAR) at the CORE Center	Chicago	Illinois
United States	Texas Children's Hospital	Houston	Texas
United States	Adolescent Initiative at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia	Philadelphia	Pennsylvania
United States	University of South Florida Infectious Diseases	Tampa	Florida

Sponsors (10)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill	Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Duke University, Emory University, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Montefiore Hospital, Ruth M. Rothstein CORE Center, The Fenway Institute, University of South Florida

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	PrEP Adherence Defined by Tenofovir Diphosphate (P3 and P3+ vs Control)	PrEP adherence is measured by blood sample levels of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) with blood concentration consistent with > 4 doses/week at 3- and 6- month follow-ups. The estimation of the average treatment effect compared P3 and P3+ combined to Control.	Month 3, Month 6
Primary	PrEP Adherence Defined by Emtricitabine Triphosphate (P3 and P3+ vs Control)	PrEP adherence is measured by blood sample levels of emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) with blood concentration consistent with > 4 doses/week at 3- and 6- month follow-ups. The estimation of the average treatment effect compared P3 and P3+ combined to Control.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Number of Participants With Self-reported Retention in PrEP Clinical Care	The investigators define "retention in care" as at least 1 PrEP clinical visit occurring in the last 3 months.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	PrEP Persistence	PrEP persistence will be measured by self-report at follow up of current PrEP use.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Insertive Condomless Anal Sex	Sexual Practices were assessed by self-reported number of insertive condomless anal sex occurrences during the past 3 months. This question is asked at the 3- and 6-month follow-up surveys.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Receptive Condomless Anal Sex	Sexual Practices were assessed by self-reported number of receptive condomless anal sex occurrences during the past 3 months. This question is asked at the 3- and 6-month follow-up surveys.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Incidence	Self-reported STIs (combined rectal and urethral gonorrhea and chlamydia, syphilis) in last 3 months. This question is asked at the 3- and 6-month follow-up surveys.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	PrEP Adherence Defined by Tenofovir Diphosphate (P3 vs Control and P3+ vs Control)	PrEP adherence is measured by blood sample levels of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) with blood concentration consistent with > 4 doses/week at 3- and 6- month follow-ups. The estimation of the average treatment effect compared P3 to Control and also P3+ to Control.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	PrEP Adherence Defined by Emtricitabine Triphosphate (P3 vs Control and P3+ vs Control)	PrEP adherence is measured by blood sample levels of emtricitabine triphosphate (FTC-TP) with blood concentration consistent with > 4 doses/week at 3- and 6- month follow-ups. The estimation of the average treatment effect compared P3 to Control and also P3+ to Control.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Self-Reported Weekly PrEP Use	Number of participants reported taking their PrEP medication >/= 4 days in the past week.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Self-Reported Monthly PrEP Use	Median self-reported percent of time in the past month that participants' took their PrEP as prescribed.	Month 3, Month 6
Secondary	Mean Site-Level Intervention Cost	Information was collected on (1) time spent by study staff for training and supervision of adherence counselor(s); (2) time participants spent in the adherence counseling sessions; and (3) costs associated with the delivery of both P3 and P3+. Resources were organized into standard expenditure categories and attributed to the corresponding P3 or P3+ arm and study site as appropriate.	Throughout the duration of the study, approximately 1.5 years