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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

NCT number NCT00006734
Other study ID # AEWS0031
Secondary ID COG-AEWS0031CDR0
Status Completed
Phase Phase 3
First received
Last updated
Start date May 2001
Est. completion date June 30, 2023

Study information

Verified date August 2023
Source Children's Oncology Group
Contact n/a
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

RATIONALE: Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop tumor cells from dividing so they stop growing or die. Radiation therapy uses high-energy x-rays to damage tumor cells. It is not yet known which chemotherapy regimen combined with radiation therapy and/or surgery is more effective in treating Ewing's sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of different chemotherapy regimens combined with radiation therapy and/or surgery in treating patients who have Ewing's sarcoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumor.


Description:

OBJECTIVES: - Compare the effect of interval-compressed vs standard chemotherapy in terms of event-free survival and overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed, localized Ewing's sarcoma or peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor. OUTLINE: This is a randomized, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to age (under 18 years vs 18 years and over) and location of primary disease (pelvic vs nonpelvic). Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms for induction and continuation therapy. - Induction therapy (weeks 1-12): - Arm I: Patients receive alternating courses of chemotherapy consisting of vincristine IV on day 1, doxorubicin IV continuously over 48 hours on days 1 and 2, and cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on day 1 for courses 1 and 3 and ifosfamide IV over 1 hour and etoposide IV over 1-2 hours on days 1-5 for courses 2 and 4. Beginning 24 hours after the last dose of chemotherapy for each course, patients receive filgrastim (G-CSF) subcutaneously (SC) daily until blood counts recover. Treatment continues every 3 weeks for 4 courses. - Arm II: Patients receive alternating courses of chemotherapy consisting of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide as in arm I for courses 1, 3, and 5 and ifosfamide and etoposide as in arm I for courses 2, 4, and 6. Patients also receive G-CSF as in arm I. Treatment continues every 2 weeks for 6 courses. After completion of induction therapy, patients in both arms receive local control treatment to the primary tumor. Patients receive continuation chemotherapy after surgery or concurrently with radiotherapy. - Continuation therapy: - Arm I (weeks 13-42): Patients receive additional alternating courses of chemotherapy as in arm I of induction therapy with the exception of vincristine and cyclophosphamide alone for courses 7 and/or 11 and/or 13. Patients also receive G-CSF as in induction therapy. Treatment continues every 3 weeks for 10 courses. - Arm II (weeks 13-29): Patients receive additional alternating courses of chemotherapy as in arm II of induction therapy with the exception of vincristine and cyclophosphamide alone for courses 9 and/or 11 and/or 13. Patients also receive G-CSF as in induction therapy. Treatment continues every 2 weeks for 8 courses. Patients are followed every 3 months for 4 years and then every 6 months for 1 year. PROJECTED ACCRUAL: Approximately 528 patients will be accrued for this study within 4-5 years.


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Completed
Enrollment 587
Est. completion date June 30, 2023
Est. primary completion date August 2006
Accepts healthy volunteers No
Gender All
Age group 0 Years to 50 Years
Eligibility DISEASE CHARACTERISTICS: - Histologically confirmed localized Ewing's sarcoma or peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the bone or soft tissues - Diagnostic biopsy of primary tumor within 30 days of study - Paraspinal or bony skull tumors of extradural origin allowed - No intradural soft tissue tumors - Askin's tumor of the chest wall allowed - Chest wall tumors with ipsilateral pleural effusions or ipsilateral pleural-based secondary tumor nodules allowed - No contralateral pleural effusions - No metastatic disease or distant node involvement - One pulmonary or pleural nodule greater than 1 cm in diameter OR more than 1 nodule greater than 0.5 cm in diameter are considered pulmonary metastasis - Solitary lung nodules of 0.5-1 cm OR multiple nodules of 0.3-0.5 cm allowed unless biopsy positive for tumor - Light microscopic appearance (hematoxylin and eosin stained) consistent with Ewing's sarcoma or peripheral PNET - No immunohistochemical or ultrastructural evidence of rhabdomyosarcoma - No esthesioneuroblastoma - Clinically or pathologically involved regional lymph nodes allowed - No CNS involvement PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS: Age: - 50 and under at diagnosis Performance status: - Not specified Life expectancy: - Not specified Hematopoietic: - Not specified Hepatic: - Bilirubin no greater than 1.5 mg/dL Renal: - Creatinine normal for age - Creatinine clearance or isotope glomerular filtration rate at least 75 mL/min Cardiovascular: - Shortening fraction at least 28% by echocardiography OR - Ejection fraction at least 55% by radionuclide angiogram Other: - Not pregnant or nursing - Fertile patients must use effective contraception - No other prior malignancy except skin cancer diagnosed at least 5 years ago and currently in remission PRIOR CONCURRENT THERAPY: Biologic therapy: - No prior immunotherapy for skin cancer - No concurrent sargramostim (GM-CSF) - No concurrent pegfilgrastim Chemotherapy: - No prior chemotherapy Endocrine therapy: - Not specified Radiotherapy: - No prior radiotherapy Surgery: - Prior complete or partial excision of primary tumor allowed

Study Design


Related Conditions & MeSH terms


Intervention

Biological:
filgrastim
Given IV
Drug:
cyclophosphamide
Given IV
doxorubicin hydrochloride
Given IV
etoposide
Given IV
ifosfamide
Given IV
vincristine sulfate
Given IV
Procedure:
adjuvant therapy

conventional surgery

neoadjuvant therapy

Radiation:
brachytherapy

radiation therapy


Locations

Country Name City State
Australia Royal Children's Hospital Brisbane Queensland
Australia Women's and Children's Hospital North Adelaide South Australia
Australia Royal Children's Hospital Parkville Victoria
Australia Princess Margaret Hospital for Children Perth Western Australia
Australia Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick New South Wales
Australia Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead New South Wales
Canada Alberta Children's Hospital Calgary Alberta
Canada Cross Cancer Institute at University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta
Canada IWK Health Centre Halifax Nova Scotia
Canada McMaster Children's Hospital at Hamilton Health Sciences Hamilton Ontario
Canada Children's Hospital of Western Ontario London Ontario
Canada Hopital Sainte Justine Montreal Quebec
Canada Montreal Children's Hospital at McGill University Health Center Montreal Quebec
Canada Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Ottawa Ontario
Canada Allan Blair Cancer Centre at Pasqua Hospital Regina Saskatchewan
Canada Saskatoon Cancer Centre Saskatoon Saskatchewan
Canada Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre St. John's Newfoundland and Labrador
Canada Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario
Canada British Columbia Children's Hospital Vancouver British Columbia
Canada CancerCare Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba
Netherlands University Medical Center Groningen Groningen
New Zealand Starship Children's Health Auckland
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Cancer Center at University of Puerto Rico - Medical Sciences Campus San Juan
Puerto Rico San Jorge Children's Hospital Santurce
Switzerland Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group Bern Bern
Switzerland Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group Geneva Geneva
Switzerland Swiss Pediatric Oncology Group Lausanne Lausanne
United States Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron Akron Ohio
United States Children's Hospital at Albany Medical Center Albany New York
United States University of New Mexico Cancer Research and Treatment Center Albuquerque New Mexico
United States Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine Amarillo Texas
United States University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center Ann Arbor Michigan
United States Mission Hospitals - Memorial Campus Asheville North Carolina
United States AFLAC Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta - Scottish Rite Campus Atlanta Georgia
United States MBCCOP-Medical College of Georgia Cancer Center Augusta Georgia
United States Alvin and Lois Lapidus Cancer Institute at Sinai Hospital Baltimore Maryland
United States Greenebaum Cancer Center at University of Maryland Medical Center Baltimore Maryland
United States Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins Baltimore Maryland
United States Pediatric Specialty Clinic at Eastern Maine Medical Center Bangor Maine
United States St. Joseph Hospital Community Cancer Center Bellingham Washington
United States CCOP - Montana Cancer Consortium Billings Montana
United States Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama
United States St. Luke's Mountain States Tumor Institute - Boise Boise Idaho
United States Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center at Dana Farber Cancer Institute Boston Massachusetts
United States Floating Hospital for Children Boston Massachusetts
United States Olympic Hematology and Oncology Bremerton Washington
United States Albert Einstein Cancer Center at Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York
United States Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center Brooklyn New York
United States Brooklyn Hospital Center Brooklyn New York
United States Comprehensive Cancer Center at Maimonides Medical Center Brooklyn New York
United States SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn New York
United States Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo New York
United States Vermont Cancer Center at University of Vermont Burlington Vermont
United States Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina
United States Hollings Cancer Center at Medical University of South Carolina Charleston South Carolina
United States West Virginia University - Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center - Charleston Division Charleston West Virginia
United States Blumenthal Cancer Center at Carolinas Medical Center Charlotte North Carolina
United States Presbyterian Cancer Center at Presbyterian Hospital Charlotte North Carolina
United States Cancer Center at the University of Virginia Charlottesville Virginia
United States Children's Memorial Hospital - Chicago Chicago Illinois
United States Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois
United States University of Chicago Cancer Research Center Chicago Illinois
United States University of Illinois Medical Center Chicago Illinois
United States Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio
United States Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center Cleveland Ohio
United States Palmetto Health South Carolina Cancer Center Columbia South Carolina
United States Columbus Children's Hospital Columbus Ohio
United States Medical City Dallas Hospital Dallas Texas
United States Simmons Cancer Center at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dallas Texas
United States Geisinger Medical Center Danville Pennsylvania
United States Children's Medical Center - Dayton Dayton Ohio
United States Children's Hospital Cancer Center Denver Colorado
United States Presbyterian - St. Luke's Medical Center Denver Colorado
United States Blank Children's Hospital Des Moines Iowa
United States Children's Hospital of Michigan Detroit Michigan
United States Van Elslander Cancer Center at St. John Hospital and Medical Center Detroit Michigan
United States Southern California Permanente Medical Group Downey California
United States City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Duarte California
United States St. Mary's - Duluth Clinic Cancer Center Duluth Minnesota
United States Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center Durham North Carolina
United States INOVA Fairfax Hospital Falls Church Virginia
United States Dakota Cancer Institute at Innovis Health - Dakota Clinic Fargo North Dakota
United States Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington Connecticut
United States Hurley Medical Center Flint Michigan
United States Broward General Medical Center Fort Lauderdale Florida
United States Children's Hospital of Southwest Florida Fort Myers Florida
United States Brooke Army Medical Center Fort Sam Houston Texas
United States Cook Children's Medical Center - Fort Worth Fort Worth Texas
United States University of Florida Shands Cancer Center Gainesville Florida
United States University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston Texas
United States DeVos Children's Hospital Grand Rapids Michigan
United States Great Falls Clinic Great Falls Montana
United States Sletten Regional Cancer Institute Great Falls Montana
United States Bellin Memorial Hospital Green Bay Wisconsin
United States CCOP - St. Vincent Hospital Cancer Center, Green Bay Green Bay Wisconsin
United States St. Vincent Hospital Green Bay Wisconsin
United States Children's Hospital of Greenville Hospital System Greenville South Carolina
United States Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center at Pitt County Memorial Hospital Greenville North Carolina
United States Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center Hackensack New Jersey
United States Penn State Children's Hospital Hershey Pennsylvania
United States Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital at Memorial Hollywood Florida
United States Cancer Research Center of Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii
United States Tripler Army Medical Center Honolulu Hawaii
United States Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas
United States M.D. Anderson Cancer Center at University of Texas Houston Texas
United States Cabell Huntington Hospital Huntington West Virginia
United States Riley Children Cancer Center at Riley Hospital for Children Indianapolis Indiana
United States St. Vincent Hospitals and Health Care Centers Indianapolis Indiana
United States Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa
United States University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi
United States Nemours Children's Clinic Jacksonville Florida
United States East Tennessee State University Cancer Center at Johnson City Medical Center Johnson City Tennessee
United States Bronson Methodist Hospital Kalamazoo Michigan
United States Children's Mercy Hospital Kansas City Missouri
United States East Tennessee Children's Hospital Knoxville Tennessee
United States Gundersen Lutheran Cancer Center at Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center La Crosse Wisconsin
United States Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center La Jolla California
United States San Antonio Military Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Lackland Air Force Base Texas
United States Wilford Hall Medical Center Lackland Air Force Base Texas
United States Breslin Cancer Center at Ingham Regional Medical Center Lansing Michigan
United States Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center Las Vegas Nevada
United States Norris Cotton Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon New Hampshire
United States Markey Cancer Center at University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center Lexington Kentucky
United States Arkansas Cancer Research Center at University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas
United States St. Barnabas Medical Center Livingston New Jersey
United States Loma Linda University Cancer Institute at Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda California
United States Jonathan Jaques Children's Cancer Center at Miller Children's Hospital Long Beach California
United States Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California
United States Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA Los Angeles California
United States Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles California
United States Kosair Children's Hospital Louisville Kentucky
United States Covenant Children's Hospital Lubbock Texas
United States Medical Center of Central Georgia Macon Georgia
United States Children's Hospital Central California Madera California
United States Medical College of Ohio Cancer Institute Madison Wisconsin
United States University of Wisconsin Comprehensive Cancer Center Madison Wisconsin
United States CCOP - Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation Marshfield Wisconsin
United States Marshfield Clinic - Marshfield Center Marshfield Wisconsin
United States St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis Tennessee
United States Baptist-South Miami Regional Cancer Program Miami Florida
United States Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami Florida
United States Miami Children's Hospital Miami Florida
United States Midwest Children's Cancer Center Milwaukee Wisconsin
United States Children's Hospitals and Clinics - Minneapolis/St. Paul Minneapolis Minnesota
United States University of South Alabama Cancer Research Institute Mobile Alabama
United States Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center at West Virginia University Hospitals Morgantown West Virginia
United States Cancer Care Center at Skagit Valley Hospital Mount Vernon Washington
United States Vanderbilt Children's Hospital Nashville Tennessee
United States Cancer Institute of New Jersey at UMDNJ - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick New Jersey
United States Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center New Haven Connecticut
United States Schneider Children's Hospital New Hyde Park New York
United States Children's Hospital of New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana
United States MBCCOP - LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana
United States Ochsner Cancer Institute at Ochsner Clinic Foundation New Orleans Louisiana
United States Tulane Cancer Center at Tulane University Hospital and Clinic New Orleans Louisiana
United States Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center at Columbia University New York New York
United States Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York New York
United States Mount Sinai Medical Center New York New York
United States New York Weill Cornell Cancer Center at Cornell University New York New York
United States Newark Beth Israel Medical Center Newark New Jersey
United States Children's Hospital of the King's Daughters Norfolk Virginia
United States Advocate Hope Children's Hospital Oak Lawn Illinois
United States Children's Hospital and Research Center at Oakland Oakland California
United States Children's Hospital at Oklahoma University Medical Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
United States Children's Hospital of Omaha Omaha Nebraska
United States UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at the University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha Nebraska
United States Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of California Irvine Medical Center Orange California
United States Children's Hospital of Orange County Orange California
United States Florida Hospital Cancer Institute Orlando Florida
United States Nemours Children's Clinic-Orlando Orlando Florida
United States Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto California
United States Lutheran General Cancer Care Center Park Ridge Illinois
United States St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center Paterson New Jersey
United States Sacred Heart Children's Hospital Pensacola Florida
United States Saint Jude Midwest Affiliate Peoria Illinois
United States Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
United States St. Christopher's Hospital for Children Philadelphia Pennsylvania
United States Phoenix Children's Hospital Phoenix Arizona
United States Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
United States CCOP - Columbia River Oncology Program Portland Oregon
United States Doernbecher Children's Hospital at Oregon Health & Science University Portland Oregon
United States Legacy Emanuel Hospital and Health Center & Children's Hospital Portland Oregon
United States Naval Medical Center - Portsmouth Portsmouth Virginia
United States Massey Cancer Center at Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia
United States Carilion Medical Center for Children at Roanoke Community Hospital Roanoke Virginia
United States James P. Wilmot Cancer Center at University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester New York
United States Mayo Clinic Cancer Center Rochester Minnesota
United States William Beaumont Hospital - Royal Oak Campus Royal Oak Michigan
United States Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Sacramento Sacramento California
United States Sutter Cancer Center Sacramento California
United States University of California Davis Cancer Center Sacramento California
United States Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital Saint Louis Missouri
United States St. Louis Children's Hospital Saint Louis Missouri
United States All Children's Hospital Saint Petersburg Florida
United States Huntsman Cancer Institute at University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah
United States MBCCOP - South Texas Pediatrics San Antonio Texas
United States Methodist Cancer Center at Methodist Specialty and Transplant Hospital San Antonio Texas
United States University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio Texas
United States Children's Hospital and Health Center - San Diego San Diego California
United States Kaiser Permanente Medical Center/Kaiser Foundation Hospital - San Diego San Diego California
United States UCSF Comprehensive Cancer Center San Francisco California
United States Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital Santa Barbara California
United States Kaiser Permanente Medical Center - Santa Clara Santa Clara California
United States Curtis & Elizabeth Anderson Cancer Institute at Memorial Health University Medical Center Savannah Georgia
United States Maine Children's Cancer Program Scarborough Maine
United States Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center - Seattle Seattle Washington
United States Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington
United States Group Health Central Hospital Seattle Washington
United States Harborview Medical Center Seattle Washington
United States Swedish Cancer Institute at Swedish Medical Center - First Hill Campus Seattle Washington
United States University Cancer Center at University of Washington Medical Center Seattle Washington
United States Walter Reed Army Medical Center Silver Spring Maryland
United States Avera Cancer Institute Sioux Falls South Dakota
United States Sioux Valley Hospital and University of South Dakota Medical Center Sioux Falls South Dakota
United States Cancer Care Northwest - Spokane South Spokane Washington
United States Deaconess Medical Center Spokane Washington
United States Baystate Regional Cancer Program at D'Amour Center for Cancer Care Springfield Massachusetts
United States Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Springfield Illinois
United States Long Island Cancer Center at Stony Brook University Hospital Stony Brook New York
United States Valerie Fund Children's Center at Atlantic Health Summit New Jersey
United States SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital Syracuse New York
United States Madigan Army Medical Center Tacoma Washington
United States St. Joseph's Children's Hospital of Tampa Tampa Florida
United States CCOP - Scott and White Hospital Temple Texas
United States Center for Cancer Prevention and Care at Scott and White Clinic Temple Texas
United States Toledo Children's Hospital Toledo Ohio
United States General Robert Huyser Cancer Center at David Grant Medical Center Travis Air Force Base California
United States Arizona Cancer Center at University of Arizona Health Sciences Center Tucson Arizona
United States Natalie Warren Bryant Cancer Center at St. Francis Hospital Tulsa Oklahoma
United States New York Medical College Valhalla New York
United States Children's National Medical Center Washington District of Columbia
United States Lombardi Cancer Center at Georgetown University Medical Center Washington District of Columbia
United States Central Washington Hospital Wenatchee Washington
United States Wenatchee Valley Clinic Wenatchee Washington
United States Kaplan Cancer Center at St. Mary's Medical Center West Palm Beach Florida
United States Wesley Medical Center Wichita Kansas
United States Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington Delaware
United States UMASS Memorial Cancer Center - University Campus Worcester Massachusetts
United States Tod Children's Hospital - Forum Health Youngstown Ohio

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
Children's Oncology Group National Cancer Institute (NCI), SWOG Cancer Research Network

Countries where clinical trial is conducted

United States,  Australia,  Canada,  Netherlands,  New Zealand,  Puerto Rico,  Switzerland, 

References & Publications (4)

Borinstein SC, Barkauskas DA, Krailo M, Scher D, Scher L, Schlottmann S, Kallakury B, Dickman PS, Pawel BR, West DC, Womer RB, Toretsky JA. Investigation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathway in localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the C — View Citation

van Doorninck JA, Ji L, Schaub B, Shimada H, Wing MR, Krailo MD, Lessnick SL, Marina N, Triche TJ, Sposto R, Womer RB, Lawlor ER. Current treatment protocols have eliminated the prognostic advantage of type 1 fusions in Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Apr 20;28(12):1989-94. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.5845. Epub 2010 Mar 22. — View Citation

Womer RB, West DC, Krailo MD, Dickman PS, Pawel BR, Grier HE, Marcus K, Sailer S, Healey JH, Dormans JP, Weiss AR. Randomized controlled trial of interval-compressed chemotherapy for the treatment of localized Ewing sarcoma: a report from the Children's O — View Citation

Womer RB, West DC, Krailo MD, et al.: Randomized comparison of every-two-week v. every-three-week chemotherapy in Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT). [Abstract] J Clin Oncol 26 (Suppl 15): A-10504, 2008.

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Primary Event-free survival Assessed using a two sided log rank test of 0.05. Time from study entry until disease progression, death without progression of disease, occurrence of a second malignant neoplasm or last follow-up, whichever comes first, assessed up to 5 years
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