Risk Reduction Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Effect of Acute High Altitude Exposure on Rescuer Performance and Patient Care
Rescue services in mountainous regions are frequently called to missions at altitudes >3000 m. Under the difficult conditions of acute exposure to altitude, the crews then have to undertake demanding medical and rescue measures. Previous studies in non-medical personnel, such as astronauts, aircraft pilots, and military helicopter pilots have found that the lack of oxygen associated with acute exposure to altitude may impair cognitive functions. No data exists on the effect this may have on the performance of medical staff in terms of patient examination, communication, decision-making, planning, and overall patient care. This study aims to close this knowledge gap. The investigators of this study aim to make rescue missions to high altitude safer for both the patients and the rescuers. To assess the effect of high altitude on patient care, the investigators recruit highly trained medical specialists who will perform patient care in simulated scenarios both at high altitude and at low altitude. These scenarios will be recorded and the performance of the medical specialists judged by independent reviewers. The medical specialists will also perform in simulated scenarios at high altitude two more times: once with supplementary oxygen, and once after spending a night at high altitude. the investigators do this to evaluate whether supplementary oxygen improves their performance, and whether symptoms of acute mountain sickness (which usually develop after spending the first night at high altitude) decreases their performance further.
Status | Not yet recruiting |
Enrollment | 20 |
Est. completion date | May 1, 2025 |
Est. primary completion date | January 31, 2025 |
Accepts healthy volunteers | Accepts Healthy Volunteers |
Gender | All |
Age group | 18 Years to 80 Years |
Eligibility | Inclusion Criteria: Medical doctors with certification and experience in preclinical emergency medicine, defined as (all must apply): - 2 or more years of training in anaesthesiology - 3 or more months of preclinical work - 50 or more cases as the lead preclinical physician with potential danger to the patient's life (with a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics score (NACA) of 4 or more) - A valid preclinical certification (Swiss "Notarztkurs" or similar) - Written informed consent to participate in the study Exclusion Criteria (none must apply): - Any medical condition known to place the participant at higher risk for hypoxia-induced adverse events (cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, otherwise). - Pre-acclimatisation to high altitude, defined as travel to above 2500 m in the 4 weeks previous to the study |
Country | Name | City | State |
---|---|---|---|
Switzerland | Berner Simulations- und CPR-Zentrum BeSiC | Bern | |
Switzerland | High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch | Bern |
Lead Sponsor | Collaborator |
---|---|
Insel Gruppe AG, University Hospital Bern |
Switzerland,
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* Note: There are 36 references in all — Click here to view all references
Type | Measure | Description | Time frame | Safety issue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | The effect of acute high altitude exposure on medical performance, measured by the STAT score | The investigators asses the quality of patient care at low and high altitude exposure.
The primary outcome of the study - a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT) - will be analysed by means of a linear mixed-effect regression model to account for the longitudinal study design. In particular, each of the four time points represents a fixed effect (implemented with a factor variable) and a random offset for each participants is included in the model allowing to represent the repeated measurements and associated covariance structure. The analysis of the primary endpoint - the difference in the composite score between baseline and after acute altitude exposure (intervention 1) - will be performed by assessing the pairwise contrast of the estimated marginal means of the linear mixed-effect regression model. |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude) | |
Primary | The effect of acute high altitude exposure on medical performance, measured by the CALM score | The investigators asses the quality of patient care at low and high altitude exposure.
The primary outcome of the study - a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT) - will be analysed by means of a linear mixed-effect regression model to account for the longitudinal study design. In particular, each of the four time points represents a fixed effect (implemented with a factor variable) and a random offset for each participants is included in the model allowing to represent the repeated measurements and associated covariance structure. The analysis of the primary endpoint - the difference in the composite score between baseline and after acute altitude exposure (intervention 1) - will be performed by assessing the pairwise contrast of the estimated marginal means of the linear mixed-effect regression model. |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude) | |
Primary | The effect of acute high altitude exposure on medical performance, measured by the TEAM score | The investigators asses the quality of patient care at low and high altitude exposure.
The primary outcome of the study - a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT) - will be analysed by means of a linear mixed-effect regression model to account for the longitudinal study design. In particular, each of the four time points represents a fixed effect (implemented with a factor variable) and a random offset for each participants is included in the model allowing to represent the repeated measurements and associated covariance structure. The analysis of the primary endpoint - the difference in the composite score between baseline and after acute altitude exposure (intervention 1) - will be performed by assessing the pairwise contrast of the estimated marginal means of the linear mixed-effect regression model. |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude) | |
Secondary | The effect of supplementary oxygen on medical performance during acute high altitude exposure, measured as a composite of STAT, CALM, and TEAM scores | The investigators asses any changes to the quality of patient care when participants receive supplementary oxygen during acute high altitude exposure. Since acute effects of high altitude exposure are mainly due to hypobaric hypoxia, supplementary oxygen might improve patient care. Patient care is measured through a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT).
The investigators use the same linear mixed-effect regression model as described under the primary outcome for the assessment of this outcome, but comparing intervention 2 (4 hours after arrival at high altitude, with supplementary oxygen) to baseline) and intervention 1 (at 30 minutes after arrival at high altitude). |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude), intervention 2 (4 hours after arriving at high altitude, with supplementary oxygen) | |
Secondary | The effect of subacute high altitude exposure on medical performance, measured as a composite of STAT, CALM, and TEAM scores | The investigators asses the quality of patient care under subacute high altitude exposure, i.e. after having spent a night at high altitude. At the altitude at which the study takes place, 30-40% of participants are expected to develop mild to moderate symptoms of acute mountain sickness, which might impair the quality of patient care they provide. The presence and severity of AMS will be assessed by the Lake Louis Score. AMS is present at a score of 3 or higher. Patient care is measured through a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT).
The investigators use the same linear mixed-effect regression model as described under the primary outcome for the assessment of this outcome, but comparing intervention 3 (after having spent a night at high altitude, no supplementary oxygen) to baseline and intervention 1 (at 30 minutes after arrival at high altitude). |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude), intervention 3 (after having spent a night at high altitude) | |
Secondary | The effect of gender and age on medical performance during low altitude, acute and subacute high altitude exposure, measured as a composite of STAT, CALM, and TEAM scores | The impact of age and sex on medical performance during all points of testing (baseline, interventions 1-3) will be analysed by including the interactions of two variables (age and sex) with the fixed effect (representing the four time points) in the linear mixed-effect regression model described under the primary outcome. The statistical significance of the interaction will be assessed with a likelihood ratio test.
Patient care is measured through a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT). |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude), intervention 2 (4 hours after arriving at high altitude, with supplementary oxygen), intervention 3 (after having spent a night at high altitude) | |
Secondary | The correlations between psychomotor test results (PVT, BART, DSST, self-assessment of cognitive function) and medical performance during low altitude, acute and subacute high altitude exposure, measured as a composite of STAT, CALM, and TEAM scores | Cognitive functions, such as measured by the psychomotor tests the investigators imply, can be impaired by high altitude exposure. The Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) measures reaction speed in milliseconds. The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) measures risk-taking behaviour in three numerical outcome variables. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) measures cognitive performance and has a number of correct answers the participant found as its outcome. Participants will also self-assess their cognitive function on a scale of 1 to 10.
The investigators will look for statistical correlations between the results of psychomotor testing (PVT, BART, DSST) and the self-assessment of cognitive capacity, and the quality of patient care at all four time points (baseline, interventions 1-3). Patient care is measured through a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT). |
Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude), intervention 2 (4 hours after arriving at high altitude, with supplementary oxygen), intervention 3 (after having spent a night at high altitude) | |
Secondary | The correlations between vital parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral blood oxygen saturation) and medical performance during low altitude, acute and subacute high altitude exposure, measured as a composite of STAT, CALM, and TEAM scores | The investigators will measure basic vital parameters of participants (blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral blood oxygen saturation) by non-invasive means at all time points of testing (baseline, interventions 1-3). They will look for correlations between those parameters and the medical performance. Patient care is measured through a composite score comprising three previously validated scores (25% CALM, 25% TEAM, 50% STAT). | Baseline, intervention 1 (30 minutes after arriving at high altitude), intervention 2 (4 hours after arriving at high altitude, with supplementary oxygen), intervention 3 (after having spent a night at high altitude) |
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