Physical Activity Clinical Trial
Official title:
Exercise Effects on Appetite-regulating Hormones and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in South Asian and White European Men
The aim of this study is to examine the effect of a single bout of moderate exercise, standardized breakfast and buffet meal on appetite-related hormones, type two diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors with a comparison between healthy South Asian and white European men. It is of interest to see if any factor differences occur in appetite-regulating hormones and cardiovascular disease risk factors whilst exercising. If so strategies may be used to alter regulation in diet and exercise to reduce risk cardiovascular disease as this is the number one cause of death globally.
Cardiovascular diseases are recognised as the number one cause of death globally.
Furthermore, diabetes is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disorders with abundant
evidence showing that patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at higher risk of
cardiovascular disease (CVD) than those with a normal glycaemia.
In contrast to the declining numbers in the Western world, the prevalence of CVD and T2D is
growing in low - and middle - income countries accompanied by a rapid increase of mortality
and morbidity. Of interest, a rise in CVD prevalence has been particularly observed in people
of South Asian origin including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka or Nepal with a
projection showing that in this population deaths attributed to CVD will rise globally to
nearly 36 % in 2030 compared to 29 % in 2005. South Asians collectively form 20% of the
global population while in the UK they are the largest ethnic minority group representing
over 5% of the total UK population .
Although the majority of research has been conducted mainly on White individuals, recent
studies have revealed that traditional CVD risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia,
insulin resistance and diabetes are higher in South Asians than other ethnicities. The
factors underlying the high CVD risk in this population remain largely unexplained even
though genetic predisposition and physical inactivity could play a key role. In contrast to
European counterparts, sedentary lifestyles or physical inactivity have been identified as an
important coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor in South Asians. A systematic review from
the United Kingdom (U.K.) showed that South Asians are participating in up to 50-75% less
physical activity compared to their European counterparts.
In addition to the traditional risk factors there are emerging biomarkers which could
represent meaningful predictors of metabolic disorders and related complications.
Specifically, appetite hormones secreted mainly by the gastrointestinal tract, such as
Acylated Ghrelin or Peptide YY (PYY) have shown potential effects on glucose homeostasis and
cardiovascular system. Current experimental studies suggest beneficial cardiovascular,
anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ghrelin in the cardiovascular system.
Although evidence suggests that ghrelin may be a potential metabolic risk factor and is
important in appetite regulation, no studies to the researcher's knowledge have examined
changes of this peptide in South Asians despite the fact that CVD and T2D burden in the South
Asian population is growing. Likewise, although studies have investigated the effects of
exercise on ghrelin and other appetite hormones, no study has taken in consideration the
effects of exercise on appetite gut hormones in South Asian populations.
Therefore, this research project aims to examine specific appetite hormones in response to a
single bout of exercise, standardised meal and ad libitum buffet meal, with a comparison
between South Asians and White Europeans identifying potential relationships with genetic and
other metabolic risk factors.
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