Racism Clinical Trial
— CSROfficial title:
Evaluation of a Cultural Humility and Social Justice Training Program for Volunteer Mentors of Youth of Color
The aim of this study is to examine whether and how the provision of a cultural humility and social justice training and support program to volunteer mentors can change their interactions with youth, improve the effectiveness of programs and foster positive outcomes for low-income youth of color. Mentor-youth dyads (N=240) will be randomly assigned either to an intervention that includes cultural humility and social justice training and enhanced support or to a control group. Survey and interview data will be collected from a variety of sources, including mentors, youth, parents and case managers. Case records about mentor-youth dyads will also be collected.
Status | Recruiting |
Enrollment | 800 |
Est. completion date | January 31, 2025 |
Est. primary completion date | January 31, 2025 |
Accepts healthy volunteers | Accepts Healthy Volunteers |
Gender | All |
Age group | 9 Years to 17 Years |
Eligibility | Inclusion Criteria: - youth is between 9 and 17 years of age - youth is eligible for the Big Brothers Big Sisters Community-Based Mentoring (CBM) program as determined by initial assessment of program staff - youth is a member of a racial/ethnic minority group, such as African American/Black, Hispanic/Latino, Native American/Native Alaskan/Native Hawaiian, Asian American/Pacific Islander, Middle Eastern/North African or Arab American - Parents of the above youth who are able to complete study measures in English or Spanish - Mentors are eligible for the study if they are applying and accepted to the CBM program and are eventually matched with a youth who meet the study criteria above or currently in an existing match with a youth who meet eligibility criteria. Exclusion Criteria: - anyone who doesn't meet the above inclusion criteria |
Country | Name | City | State |
---|---|---|---|
United States | University of Illinois at Chicago | Chicago | Illinois |
Lead Sponsor | Collaborator |
---|---|
University of Illinois at Chicago | Big Brothers Big Sisters of America, Herrera Consulting Group, LLC, William T. Grant Foundation |
United States,
Type | Measure | Description | Time frame | Safety issue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary | Cultural Humility | Mentor report - Empathic Feeling and Expression Subscale from Ethnocultural Empathy Scale (Wang et al., 2003) - 15 items - mean scores range from 1 to 6; 2 reversed scores items; higher scores reflect higher empathic feeling and expression | 4 months | |
Primary | Self-efficacy beliefs for providing ethnic/racial support | Mentor report - 6-item scale (Anderson et al., 2018) - mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect higher self-efficacy | 12 months | |
Primary | Self-efficacy beliefs for engaging in conversations about racial injustice | Mentor report - 4-item scale created for this study (Sánchez et al., 2021) - mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect higher self-efficacy | 12 months | |
Primary | Perceived Knowledge | Mentor report - Adapted measure of Multicultural awareness, knowledge and skills scale (D'Andrea et al., 2003) - 13 items. Items were added and adapted to reflect the current intervention. Mean scores range from 1 to 4. Higher scores reflect higher perceived knowledge. | 4 months | |
Primary | Colorblind racial attitudes | Mentor report - Unawareness of Racial Privilege subscale of the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS; Neville et al., 2000) - 7 items - Mean scores range from 1 to 6; 6 items are reverse scored; higher scores reflect more unawareness of racial privilege | 4 months | |
Primary | Mentor support for ethnic/racial identity | Youth reported scale (Sanchez et al., 2018) - adapted for the current study and added 5 items for a total of 11 items - 1 reversed scored item; Mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate more support from mentors on youth's ethnic/racial identity. | 12 months | |
Primary | Mentor support for coping with discrimination | Youth-reported 8-item scale created for this study (Sanchez, Herrera, DuBois, & Anderson, 2021); 3 reversed scored items; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate more support from mentors on youth's coping with discrimination. | 12 months | |
Primary | Youth-centered relationships | Youth reported - Youth Centered Relationships Subscale of Youth Survey - 5 items. Youth-reported scale; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate a more youth-centric mentoring relationship. | 12 months | |
Primary | Activities and discussions on race and social justice issues - Mentor | Mentor reported - 11-item scale created for this study (Sanchez, Herrera, DuBois, & Anderson, 2021). Mean scores range from 0 to 3; Higher scores indicate more frequent engagement in activities and discussions about race and social justice. | 12 months | |
Primary | Activities and discussions on race and social justice issues - Youth | Youth reported - 11-item scale created for this study (Sanchez, Herrera, DuBois, & Anderson, 2021). Mean scores range from 0 to 3; higher scores indicate more frequent engagement in activities and discussions about race and social justice. | 12 months | |
Primary | Activities/discussions on racial/ethnic socialization | mentor reported - 6-item scale created for this study (Sanchez, Herrera, DuBois, & Anderson, 2021). Mean scores range between 0 and 3. Higher scores reflect more frequent racial/ethnic socialization activities and discussions. | 12 months | |
Primary | Mentor Attunement Scale | Mentor reported scale - 7 item scale(Pryce & Deane, 2019). Mean scores range between 1 and 6. Higher scores reflect higher mentor attunement. | 12 months | |
Primary | Mentor Attunement Scale - Youth Version | Youth reported scale - MAS-Y; Pryce & Deane, 2019; 15 items. Mean scores range from 1 to 6; higher scores indicate higher mentor attunement. | 12 months | |
Primary | Cultural clashes | Mentor Reported Challenges Scale - 3 items (Herrera et al., 2014); mean scores range between 1 and 4; higher scores reflect more cultural clashes in the relationship. | 12 months | |
Primary | Openness to adult support | Youth reported - Interpersonal Trust Scale (DuBois, 2006) - 5 items. modified some items and response scale for this study; 1 reversed scored item; mean scores range between 1 and 4; higher scores reflect more trust towards adults. | 12 months | |
Primary | Community connectedness | Youth reported measure; Whitlock, 2007; 5 items; modified the response scale for this study; 1 reversed scored item; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect higher community connectedness. | 12 months | |
Primary | Mattering | Youth reported measure; Sense of Mattering Scale (Rosenberg, 1981) - 5 items - modified items and response scale for this study; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect higher perceptions that youth matters to adults outside their family. | 12 months | |
Primary | Ethnic/racial identity (MIBI - T) - Private Regard | youth reported - Private Regard Subscale of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity- Teen (MIBI-T) - 3 items (Scottham, Sellers, & Nguyen, 2008; Rivas-Drake, Hughes, & Way, 2009); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect more positive perceptions about one's ethnic/racial group. | 12 months | |
Primary | Ethnic/racial identity (MIBI - T) - Public Regard | youth reported - o Public Regard Subscale of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity- Teen (MIBI-T) - 3 items (Scottham, Sellers, & Nguyen, 2008; Rivas-Drake, Hughes, & Way, 2009); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect more positive societal perceptions about one's ethnic/racial group. | 12 months | |
Primary | Ethnic identity (exploration) | youth reported - Ethnic Identity Scale - exploration subscale Brief - 2 items (Douglass & Umaña-Taylor, 2015); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores reflect higher engagement in activities that explore one's ethnic/racial group | 12 months | |
Primary | Ethnic identity (affirmation) | youth reported - affirmation subscale brief - 3 items (Douglass & Umaña-Taylor, 2015); all items are reversed scored; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate higher affirmation about one's ethnic/racial group | 12 months | |
Primary | Coping efficacy with discrimination | youth reported - 3 items adapted for this study (Sandler et al., 2000; Sanchez et al., 2017); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate higher efficacy in coping with racial discrimination. | 12 months | |
Primary | Cultural Mistrust | Youth reported - Cultural Mistrust Inventory for Adolescents (Terrell & Terrell, 1981) - cultural mistrust in interpersonal relationships subscale modified by Sanchez & DuBois (2006) - 11 items; 5 reversed scored items; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate more cultural mistrust towards White people | 12 months | |
Secondary | Bias Awareness | Mentor reported - Bias Awareness Scale (Perry et al., 2015) - 4 items - response scale was adapted; one item is reversed scored; mean scores range from 1 to 6; higher scores indicate higher awareness of bias. | 4 months | |
Secondary | Social Justice interest | Mentor reported - Social Justice Interest subscale of the Social Issues Questionnaire (Miller et al., 2009) - 6 items - adapted for the current study to assess mentor's interest in engaging in social justice activities with their mentee; mean scores range from 1 to 9; higher scores indicate higher interest in engaging in social justice activities with mentees. | 4 months | |
Secondary | Authentic self | Youth reported scale - Level of Adolescent Voice Scale (Harter, 2000) - with 13 items (3 were added by current investigators); 8 reversed scored items; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate that youth are able to be their authentic self around the mentors. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Emotional Closeness - Mentor | Mentor reported scale - Match Characteristics Questionnaire - Closeness subscale - 5 items (Harris & Nakkula (2004). Mean scores range between 1 and 6; higher scores reflect closer mentoring relationships. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Emotional Closeness - Youth | youth reported scale - Relational Satisfaction Subscale (Harris & Nakkula, 2004) - 6 items; mean scores range between 1 and 4; higher scores reflect closer mentoring relationships. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Relationship satisfaction - mentor | Satisfaction Subscale of the Investment Model Scale - 5 items (Rusbult et al., 1997; see Drew et al., 2020); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate greater perceived mentee support-seeking behaviors. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Relationship satisfaction - youth | Youth Report of Measure of Growth/Goal Focus in Youth Mentoring Relationships (DuBois, 2008) - 6 items; mean scores range between 1 and 4; higher scores reflect more growth/goal focus in mentoring relationship | 12 months | |
Secondary | Mentor advocacy | mentor reported - Mentoring Processes Scale (MPS) - 6 items (Tolan et al., 2020); 1 reversed scored item; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate higher mentor advocacy for mentees. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Support seeking | mentor reported - Mentee Support Seeking Scale - 4 items (Karcher et al., 2005); mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores indicate more mentee support-seeking behaviors perceived by mentors. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Mentoring activities | Mentor reported - Adapted Activity Log - 4 items (Karcher et al., 2010); mean scores range from 1 to 5; higher scores reflect more frequent mentoring activities. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Match duration | Duration of mentor-youth relationships gathered from case records; duration is reported in number of months. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Academic performance | Youth self-reported grades for 4 subjects: math, reading, social studies and science. A through F scale | 12 months | |
Secondary | Risky behaviors | Youth - behaviors that youth has gotten in trouble for in the last 3 months: substance use (4 items - adapted from Clasen, Brown, & Eicher (1986), status offenses (3 items - created for this survey), school discipline (4 items - adapted from Vandell et al. (2013)); o In the past 3 months, I got in trouble or could have gotten in trouble for… Responses are a 3-point scale: 0 times, 1 or 2 times, 3 or more times (0 to 2 scale). Higher mean scores reflect more risky behaviors.
o In the past 3 months, I got in trouble or could have gotten in trouble for…Responses are a 3-point scale: 0 times, 1 or 2 times, 3 or more times. |
12 months | |
Secondary | Bullying | Youth reported - In the past month, I got in trouble for or could have gotten in trouble for…adapted from Bosworth, Espelage, & Simon (1999) and Dahlberg, Toal, & Behrens (1998).
5 items - Responses are on 3 point scale (0 times, 1 or 2 times, 3 or more times; 0 to 2 scale); higher mean scores reflect more risky behaviors Responses are on 3 point scale (0 times, 1 or 2 times, 3 or more times) |
12 months | |
Secondary | Police & Juvenile Justice Contact | Youth reported - "In the past 3 months, I:" Responses are on a 2-point scale (Yes = 1, No = 0); Higher sum score reflect more police and juvenile justice contact.
3 items |
12 months | |
Secondary | Emotional regulation | Youth reported - Adapted from the Middle School Youth Survey, originally from Prior et al. (2000); Responses are on a 4-point scale (Not at all true, A little true, Mostly true, Totally true); Mean responses range from 1 to 4 with higher scores reflecting higher emotional regulation.
4 items |
12 months | |
Secondary | Depressive symptoms | Youth reported - Taken from the Health Measures' PROMIS Pediatric Depressive Symptoms instrument (2013). Responses are on a 5-point scale (Never, Almost Never, Sometimes, Often, Almost Always); 2 reversed scored items; Mean responses range from 1 to 5 with higher scores reflecting more depressive symptoms 10 items | 12 months | |
Secondary | Loneliness | youth reported - Loneliness Questionnaire-Short Version (Ebesutani et al., 2012) - 9 items; modified the response scale; mean scores range from 1 to 4; higher scores mean higher loneliness. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Hopeful future expectations | Youth reported - Abbreviated Version of the Hopeful Future Expectations (HFE) Scale (Callina et al., 2016) - adapted - 8 items; 1 reversed scored item; mean scores range between 1 and 5; higher scores mean more hopeful future. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Critical reflection | Youth reported - Critical Reflection Subscale; Diemer et al., 2020) - 3 items; modified the response scale and excluded a survey item for this study; mean scores range between 1 to 4; higher scores mean higher level of critical analysis of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic inequalities. | 12 months | |
Secondary | System Justification Scale | Youth reported - (Kay & Jost, 2003) - 10 items - adapted the response scale for this study; mean scores range between 1 to 4; higher scores mean stronger beliefs that the world is a fair and just place. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Adolescent Critical Consciousness | Youth reported - Critical Agency Subscale; Critical Behavior Subscale; McWhirter & McWhirter, 2016) - 10 items; modified response scale for this study; mean score range between 1 to 4; higher scores mean higher critical agency and behavior. | 12 months | |
Secondary | Growth mindset | Youth reported - Revised Implicit Theories of Intelligence (Self-Theory; DaCastella & Byrne, 2015) Scale - 8 items; adapted the response scale for this study; mean scores range between 1 to 4; higher scores mean higher academic growth mindset | 12 months | |
Secondary | Academic self efficacy | Youth reported - Academic Self-Efficacy Subscale-Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scale (Midgley et al., 2000) - 5 items; mean scores range between 1 and 4; higher scores mean higher academic self-efficacy. | 12 months |
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