Hydroxychloroquine to Increase Tumor Suppressor PAR-4 Levels in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer Recurrent Clinical Trial

Official title:

Phase 2 Study of Hydroxychloroquine to Increase Tumor Suppressor PAR-4 Levels in Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04011410
• Other study ID #: 50146 - MCC-19-GU-72
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: Phase 2
• Start date: December 3, 2019
• Est. completion date: November 18, 2026

Study information

• Verified date: April 2024
• Source: University of Kentucky
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Treatment of recurrent oligometastatic prostate cancer may be enhanced by the addition of Hydroxychloroquine to the current treatment regimens. Potential benefits of Hydroxychloroquine include delayed disease progression and delayed initiation of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), thus lessening morbidity, distressing side effects, and improving functioning and quality of life in men with recurrent prostate cancer.

Building on prior research at Markey, patients recently diagnosed with recurrent oligometastatic prostate cancer will be approached about participating in this study. Per standard of care, these patients undergo either surgery or radiation, in addition participants of this clinical trial will also receive Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg per day, oral medication) for 3 months.

It is expected that a participant will exhibit a 50% increase of tumor suppressor PAR-4, as well as few, if any, negative side effects from Hydroxychloroquine.

Description:

This investigator-initiated clinical trial (IIT) builds on and extends research on autophagy in prostate cancer with PAR-4 and HCQ conducted by a transdisciplinary investigative team, and is sponsored by funding from Markey Cancer Center.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the 2nd most common cause of cancer death in men. Secondary to the greying of the U.S. population and increasing life expectancy, metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) rates are increasing. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. The survival benefit of ADT is juxtaposed against significant adverse effects including cardiovascular morbidity, skeletal fractures, diabetes, sexual dysfunction, and a decrease in cognitive function. Recent studies have indicated a potential benefit to treatment of metastatic lesions in men with limited metastatic disease and have identified a potential delay in initiation of ADT in men whose limited metastatic lesions were treated with stereotactic radiotherapy. Prostate apoptosis response-4 (PAR-4) is a tumor suppressor protein that facilitates apoptosis in numerous types of cancer cells. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been found to induce PAR-4 expression and subsequently promote apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibit metastatic progression. HCQ has also been reported to both inhibit and enhance immune responses via changes in Th1, Th2, Th17 and Treg subsets and reduce inflammatory markers. It also acidifies lysosomes which potentially inhibits antigen presentation by antigen-presenting cells, and can be measured with LysoSensor Yellow/Blue DND-160 by flow cytometry and induces autophagy which can be detected by measuring up-regulation of the microtubule associated protein LC3B. Treatment of oligometastatic prostate cancer may be enhanced by the addition of Hydroxychloroquine to either surgical resection or radiation treatment of metastatic lesions. Potential benefits of Hydroxychloroquine include delayed disease progression and delayed initiation of ADT, lessening morbidity and increasing quality of life in men with oligometastatic prostate cancer.

A single-arm, open-label phase II trial will be conducted in a population of men with recurrent oligometastatic prostate cancer following primary treatment of localized disease. The oligometastatic sites will be treated with either surgical resection or stereotactic radiation per standard of care, in addition to 400 mg of Hydroxychloroquine per day for a period of 3 months.

Sample Size:

Based on an ongoing Phase I trial of HCQ, the proportion of patients who will exhibit a 50% induction in PAR-4 from baseline levels is equal to 0.50, compared to a null hypothesis of 0.20. A sample of 18 patients will provide 84% power to detect this hypothesized difference in proportion based on a two-sided test with 5% significance level. Prior studies at Markey Cancer Center in this population have demonstrated an attrition rate of less than a 10%. Thus, a total of 20 patients will be enrolled into the study.

Specific and Secondary Aims:

The primary objective is to assess the rate of attainment of a 50% increase in tumor suppressor PAR-4 levels from baseline in patients treated with 3-months of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), in combination with radiation or surgery for recurrent, oligometastatic prostate cancer.

Secondary aims of the trial include assessment of: median progression-free survival; 1- and 3-year ADT-free survival; treatment toxicity and quality of life.

Correlative studies of the trial comprise assessment of immunological effect of Hydroxychloroquine by analyzing peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC's).

Statistical Analytic Plan:

Descriptive statistics will be calculated to summarize PAR-4 levels at each time point of follow-up. Percent change from baseline compared to each follow-up time point will likewise be calculated. The proportion of patients who exhibit a 50% induction in PAR-4 compared to baseline within the 3-month therapy period will be calculated and a one-sample test for proportion will be performed. Secondary analyses of the primary endpoint will also be performed. Continuous changes in PAR-4 levels will also be assessed using paired t-test or nonparametric analog. Linear mixed models will be employed to analyzed repeatedly measured levels of PAR-4 and association with clinical parameters as well as PSA levels.

• Other secondary analyses will include summary of the PAR-4 induction profile over the 3-month treatment period and after end of therapy period. PSA levels will be assessed and PSA doubling time will be calculated. Association of PSA levels with PAR-4 levels will be determined using Spearman or Pearson's correlation coefficient. Quality of life as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30 supplemented with QLQ-PR25 will be evaluated and descriptive statistics of QOL scores will be calculated. Association of QOL with PAR-4, PSA and other clinical endpoints will be determined in an exploratory manner using correlations and survival analysis models.

• All participants who received HCQ will be included in the safety analysis. Frequency and incidence tables of toxicity and AEs will be generated.

• Immune outcome endpoints including markers of immune function/activation and systemic inflammation will be summarized at each time point of follow-up. Linear mixed models will be utilized to model these repeatedly measured immune endpoints to determine changes over time. Associations between markers and PAR-4 levels will be assessed via calculation and comparison of correlation coefficients. Data processing, data analysis pipelines and bioinformatics methods for NGS data will be employed in collaboration with MCC Shared Resource Facilities. False discovery rate (FDR) q values will be calculated for multiple comparison adjustment, with threshold significance set to 0.05.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 20
• Est. completion date: November 18, 2026
• Est. primary completion date: March 8, 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Male
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Histologically confirmed prostate cancer that has recurred

• Three or fewer synchronous metastatic lesions (on imaging) with no evidence of residual local disease

• ECOG performance status 0 - 2

• Approval by screening eye exam (disqualifying baseline conditions listed below)

• Ability to provide informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• Receipt of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) within the past 6 months

• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to HCQ

• Use of contraindicated medications,

• Macular degeneration

• Cataracts

• Severe baseline visual impairment, retinopathy or visual field changes

• Presence of only one functional eye

• Prior treatment with ADT including:

• Previous history of radiation or surgery to a metastatic site

• Serum testosterone less than 50 ng/ml

• History of orchiectomy

• History of pathologic fracture or spinal cord compression

• Brain or CNS metastases

• History of G-6-PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) deficiency

• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness

• Psychiatric illness and/or social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.

• Patients taking other investigational agents

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Prostate Cancer Recurrent
• Prostatic Neoplasms

Intervention

Drug:
• Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate 200Mg Tab
Twice daily for 90-days, administered two weeks prior to radiation/surgery of oligometastatic lesions

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Markey Cancer Center - University of Kentucky	Lexington	Kentucky

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Patrick Hensley

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (8)

Burikhanov R, Hebbar N, Noothi SK, Shukla N, Sledziona J, Araujo N, Kudrimoti M, Wang QJ, Watt DS, Welch DR, Maranchie J, Harada A, Rangnekar VM. Chloroquine-Inducible Par-4 Secretion Is Essential for Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Inhibition of Metastasis. Cell Rep. 2017 Jan 10;18(2):508-519. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.051. — View Citation

Burikhanov R, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Hebbar N, Qiu S, Zhao Y, Zambetti GP, Rangnekar VM. Paracrine apoptotic effect of p53 mediated by tumor suppressor Par-4. Cell Rep. 2014 Jan 30;6(2):271-7. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.12.020. Epub 2014 Jan 9. — View Citation

Hebbar N, Wang C, Rangnekar VM. Mechanisms of apoptosis by the tumor suppressor Par-4. J Cell Physiol. 2012 Dec;227(12):3715-21. doi: 10.1002/jcp.24098. — View Citation

Kimura T, Takabatake Y, Takahashi A, Isaka Y. Chloroquine in cancer therapy: a double-edged sword of autophagy. Cancer Res. 2013 Jan 1;73(1):3-7. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2464. Erratum In: Cancer Res. 2013 Feb 15;73(4):1446. — View Citation

Ratikan JA, Sayre JW, Schaue D. Chloroquine engages the immune system to eradicate irradiated breast tumors in mice. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013 Nov 15;87(4):761-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.07.024. — View Citation

Taylor LG, Canfield SE, Du XL. Review of major adverse effects of androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Cancer. 2009 Jun 1;115(11):2388-99. doi: 10.1002/cncr.24283. — View Citation

Tosoian JJ, Gorin MA, Ross AE, Pienta KJ, Tran PT, Schaeffer EM. Oligometastatic prostate cancer: definitions, clinical outcomes, and treatment considerations. Nat Rev Urol. 2017 Jan;14(1):15-25. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.175. Epub 2016 Oct 11. — View Citation

Wang P, Burikhanov R, Jayswal R, Weiss HL, Arnold SM, Villano JL, Rangnekar VM. Neoadjuvant administration of hydroxychloroquine in a phase 1 clinical trial induced plasma Par-4 levels and apoptosis in diverse tumors. Genes Cancer. 2018 May;9(5-6):190-197. doi: 10.18632/genesandcancer.181. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Quality of Life (QoL) - EORTC QLQ-C30 Scale	The European Organization for Research and Treatment (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ)-C30 is a 30-item, multi-set questionnaire. Scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher response levels	4 timepoints: baseline/enrollment, 90-days post-HCQ initiation, and 6- and 12-mos follow-up
Other	Change in Quality of Life (QoL) - EORTC QLQ-PR25 Scale	The EORTC Quality of Life (QLQ)-PR25 is a 28-item, multi-set questionaire specific to prostate cancer that complements the QLQ-C30. Scores range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating higher response levels.	4 timepoints: baseline/enrollment, 90-days post-HCQ initiation, and 6- and 12-months follow-up
Other	Change in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)	PBMC numbers will be correlated with PSA and PAR-4 levels	3 timepoints: baseline/enrollment, 30-days post-HCQ initiation, and 60-90 days post-HCQ initiation
Other	Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) Adherence	Medication logs will be used to assess daily adherence to HCQ dosage (yes/no).	3 months
Primary	Change in Prostate Apoptosis Response-4 (PAR-4) Levels	PAR-4 levels measured via serum or plasma blood sample	7 timepoints: Baseline, 2 weeks prior to radiation/surgery, 30-, 60- & 90-days post-HCQ initiation; and follow-up timepoints at 6- and 12-months
Secondary	Change in Serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Levels	Doubling time of serum PSA levels	6 timepoints: screening, baseline, 30-, & 90-days post-HCQ initiation; and at 6- and 12-mos follow-up
Secondary	Progression-Free Survival	Assessed via imaging per standard of care using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) scoring criteria	through study completion (up to 3 years)
Secondary	Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)-Free Survival	Time to initiation of ADT using the Kaplan-Meier method	through study completion (up to 3 years)