Optimizing Rehabilitation for Phantom Limb Pain Using Mirror Therapy and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Phantom Limb Pain Clinical Trial

Official title:

Optimizing Rehabilitation for Phantom Limb Pain Using Mirror Therapy and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02487966
• Other study ID #: 2015P001065
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: July 2015
• Est. completion date: December 21, 2024

Study information

• Verified date: December 2023
• Source: Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This is a two-site study that explores the effects of mirror therapy and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS, Soterix ©) in a randomized factorial controlled trial in which patients will be assigned to one of four groups: active tDCS and active MT; sham tDCS and active MT; active tDCS and sham MT (which consists of using a covered mirror for the therapy); and both sham tDCS and sham MT (covered mirror).

Description:

Phantom limb pain (PLP) belongs to a group of neuropathic pain syndromes that is characterized by pain in the amputated limb. Rehabilitation for chronic pain involves a structured treatment plan targeting all dimensions of the pain experience, and should include a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach that allows patients to receive the most benefit according to their needs. As in other chronic pain syndromes, chronic Phantom limb pain (PLP) is often difficult to treat; showing to be resistant to classical pharmacological and surgical treatment approaches. In this context, we hypothesize that novel treatments of PLP need to target specific neural networks associated with this maladaptive plasticity. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS,Soterix ©) is a powerful and non-invasive technique of brain stimulation that is known to significantly modulate plasticity and alleviate chronic pain in various syndromes. device for this trial. This study usiGiven tDCS underlying neural mechanisms, it is critical to use a multimodal approach to treatment - using both tDCS and behavioral therapy simultaneously. In this case, an ideal therapy is mirror therapy (MT). Recently, we showed that anodal tDCS can induce a selective short-lasting relief from PLP, and repeated applications of anodal tDCS induces long-lasting analgesic effects. These preliminary results show that tDCS may be a promising rehabilitative tool for the management of chronic PLP. This neurorehabilitation technique is commonly used in PLP, and is designed to modulate cortical mechanisms of pain by performing movements using the unaffected limb in front of a mirror. We propose to carry out a mechanistic, factorial, randomized controlled trial to evaluate a novel rehabilitation approach combining tDCS and MT in PLP patients. We aim to compare the brain changes before and after treatment in order to study the mechanisms underlying PLP.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 132
• Est. completion date: December 21, 2024
• Est. primary completion date: March 27, 2020
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Able to provide informed consent to participate in the study.

2. Subject is older than 18 years.

3. Unilateral lower limb amputation.

4. Traumatic amputation greater than 1 year ago.

5. Chronic PLP for at least 3 months previous to enrollment in the study, experienced regularly for at least once a week.

6. Average pain of at least 4 on a numeric rating scale in the previous week (NRS; ranging from 0 to 10).

7. If the subject is taking any medications, dosages must be stable for at least 2 weeks prior to the enrollment of the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Pregnancy or trying to become pregnant in the next 2 months.

2. History of alcohol or drug abuse within the past 6 months as self-reported.

3. Presence of the following contraindication to transcranial direct current stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation

• Ferromagnetic metal in the head (e.g., plates or pins, bullets, shrapnel)
• Implanted neck or head electronic medical devices (e.g., cochlear implants, vagus nerve stimulator)

4. History of chronic pain previous to the amputation.

5. Head injury resulting in loss of consciousness for at least 30 min or pos-traumatic amnesia for greater than 24 hours, as self-reported

6. Unstable medical conditions (e.g. uncontrolled diabetes, uncompensated cardiac issues, heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

7. Uncontrolled Epilepsy or prior seizures within the last 1 year.

8. Suffering from severe depression (as defined by a score of >30 in the Beck Depression Inventory).*

9. History of unexplained fainting spells or loss of consciousness as self-reported during the last 2 years.

10. History of neurosurgery, as self-reported.

11. Mirror Therapy in the previous 3 months

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Amputation, Traumatic
• Phantom Limb
• Phantom Limb Pain

Intervention

Device:
• transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): active (Soterix ©)
Subjects will undergo tDCS stimulation. For both active and sham stimulation, we will use electrodes of 35cm^2, at an intensity of 2mA on the primary motor cortex contralateral to the amputated leg. For active tDCS, the subject will undergo stimulation for 20 minutes.

Behavioral:
• Mirror Therapy: active
Subjects will be asked to perform movements (15 minutes daily) using the unaffected limb while watching its mirrored reflection superimposed over the affected limb. During Mirror Therapy, subjects will be asked to consciously relate the movement observed in the mirror to their phantom limb and to keep their attention focused on the task. Instructions will be explained verbally, demonstrated by a therapist, and performed by the subject in front of the therapist.

Device:
• transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): sham (Soterix ©)
Subjects will undergo tDCS stimulation. For both active and sham stimulation, we will use electrodes of 35cm^2, at an intensity of 2mA on the primary motor cortex contralateral to the amputated leg. The subject will undergo stimulation for 20 minutes. This is the same parameters as the active one, except the current will be ramped up and then down again (for 30 seconds total) to simulate the feeling of active stimulation.

Behavioral:
• Mirror Therapy: Sham
Subjects will be asked to perform movements (15 minutes daily) using the unaffected limb while watching its mirrored reflection superimposed over the affected limb, only the mirror will be covered. During Mirror Therapy, subjects will be asked to consciously relate the movement observed in the mirror to their phantom limb and to keep their attention focused on the task. Instructions will be explained verbally, demonstrated by a therapist, and performed by the subject in front of the therapist. We will use the same all of these techniques as active Mirror Therapy only the mirror will be covered during all activities.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Brazil	IMREA HCFMUSP - Rede Lucy Montoro	São Paulo
United States	Spaulding Rehabilitation Network Research Institute	Charlestown	Massachusetts

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital	Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Countries where clinical trial is conducted

United States,  Brazil, 

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Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Changes in the Visual Analog Scale for Phantom Limb Pain	The primary endpoint will be the severity of pain measured by changes in PLP from baseline to 4 weeks (value at 4 weeks minus value at baseline), as indexed by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The VAS pain scale is a simple 10- point scale (0 = ''no pain'', 10 = ''pain as bad as you can imagine''). Since we are using a difference, smaller values (negative) represent a better outcome.	4 weeks
Secondary	Changes in the Visual Analog Scale for Stump Pain	The endpoint will be the severity of pain measured by changes in Stump Pain from baseline to 4 weeks (value at 4 weeks minus value at baseline), as indexed by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The VAS Phantom Limb Stump Pain scale is a simple 10- point scale (0 = ''no Phantom Limb Stump Pain'', 10 = ''Phantom Limb Stump Pain as bad as you can imagine''). Since we are using a difference, smaller values (negative) represent a better outcome.	4 weeks
Secondary	Changes in the Visual Analog Scale for Phantom Limb Sensation	The endpoint will be the severity of pain measured by changes in Phantom Limb Sensation from baseline to 4 weeks (value at 4 weeks minus value at baseline), as indexed by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The VAS Phantom Limb Sensation scale is a simple 10- point scale (0 = ''no Phantom Limb Sensation'', 10 = ''Phantom Limb Sensation as much as you can imagine''). Since we are using a difference, smaller values (negative) represent a better outcome.	4 weeks