Comparison of 5 Buffering Agents on Changes in Salivary pH in Individuals Previously Exposed to a Test Carbonated Drink

Oral Hygiene Clinical Trial

— SALPH-C  

Official title:

Comparison of Five Different Salivary Buffering Agents on the Changes in Salivary pH in a Cohort Previously Exposed to a Test Carbonated Drink: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03526770
• Other study ID #: UDMRI_Sal_pH_C
• Secondary ID: U1111-1212-3387
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: May 28, 2018
• Est. completion date: December 5, 2018

Study information

• Verified date: December 2018
• Source: Uttaranchal Dental & Medical Research Institute
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The diurnal variation in the flow of saliva and hence the composition of saliva is an established fact. Consumption of acidic and sweetened food and beverage is known to reduce the salivary pH and some of them reduce it to critical pH levels and result in structural damage to the hard tissues of the tooth.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of the select commercially available test carbonated drink containing sugar on the salivary pH and assess the buffering capacity of the saliva with or without various intervention measures following the exposure to the test carbonated drink at different time intervals.

Description:

There are substantial existing evidences that there is diurnal variation in the flow of saliva and hence the composition of saliva. The average of normal pH of saliva is reported to be 6.8. Consumption of acidic and sweetened food and beverage is known to reduce the salivary pH and some of them reduce it to critical pH levels and result in structural damage to the hard tissues of the tooth. Such damages can be prevented by maintaining the salivary pH within optimal range by using oral hygiene measures.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the effect of the select commercially available test carbonated drink containing sugar on the salivary pH and assess the buffering capacity of the saliva with or without various intervention measures following the exposure to the test carbonated drink at different time intervals.

Aims and objectives:

1. To measure the pH of saliva post-exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink after 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes.

2. To measure the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after using a tap water gargle as a buffering agent in those subjects who had prior exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink 15 minutes ago.

3. To measure the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after using a 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouth rinse as a buffering agent in those subjects who had prior exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink 15 minutes ago.

4. To measure the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after chewing Orbit® gum as a buffering agent in those subjects who had prior exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink 15 minutes ago

5. To measure the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after brushing with fluoridated tooth paste and soft brush as a buffering agent in those subjects who had prior exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink 15 minutes ago

6. To measure the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after gargling with 1% solution of baking soda as a buffering agent in those subjects who had prior exposure to commercially available test carbonated drink 15 minutes ago

7. To compare the efficacy of buffering agents on the pH of saliva at 15, 30, 45 minutes post intervention in subjects who have had the commercially available test carbonated drink 15 min prior to the a specific intervention, with the pH of saliva recorded in the same subjects at the same time periods when no intervention with any buffering agent was carried out after having the commercially available test carbonated drink.

8. To compare the pH of saliva recorded in the subjects at 15, 30, 45 minutes time periods when they used an intervention of gargle with tap water, with that recorded when they used mouth rinse of 0.2% Chlorhexidine, with that recorded when they brushed with soft brush and fluoridated tooth paste, with that recorded when they gargled with 1% baking soda solution and with that recorded when they chewed Orbit® chewing gum (15 minutes after using the commercially available test carbonated drink)

Materials and Methods:

30 volunteers in the age group of 18- 30 year with healthy oral cavities will be selected.

Subjects with a history of any chronic medical illness, history of allergy, intake of drugs in the last 8 weeks, history of gastritis, bulimia will be excluded. Subjects with a DMFT score of more than 2 and Loe and Sillness Index of more than 0 will be excluded. Individuals who have and are currently undergoing orthodontic treatment will not be included in the study. Individuals who smoke or chew tobacco will not be included in the study sample. An informed consent for the research will be obtained from all the subjects who have volunteered for the study.

The trial will be conducted as per the guidelines in the WHO-Handbook for Good Clinical Practice and the research protocol is approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the college.

The test carbonated drink that will be selected is Coco Cola®. The various buffering agents that will be used are:

1. 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouth wash (Rexidine®, Indoco Remidies Ltd, Mumbai, India)- 10 ml solution swish for 60 sec and spit

2. Tap water- 10ml swish for 60 sec and spit

3. Brushing with fluoridated (Colgate Total®, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Mumbai, India) tooth paste- 2min using soft brush

4. Chewing polyol containing gum (Orbit®, WrigleyCompany)- chew for 5 minutes and spit

5. Freshly prepared Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) 1% w/v solution- swish for 60 sec and spit The observer who will be recording the salivary pH will remain blinded about the samples and buffering agent used.

The select individuals will be instructed to not use any mouth wash as part of oral hygiene regimen on test day and not consume any food or beverage for 2 hours prior to the collection of baseline sample of saliva at 10 AM on the test day. The select group of 30 individuals will be given a sample of 100 ml of the test carbonated drink after recording their baseline salivary pH (0 min). They will be asked to sip, swish and swallow the drink within 2 minutes. After the exposure, salivary samples will be collected at 5 min and 15 min intervals for assessment of pH. Fifteen minutes after the exposure (consumption of test drink), the individuals will be asked to use one of the intervention methods included in this study. The salivary samples will be collected after 15, 30 and 45 minutes interval after the intervention. (i.e. 30, 45 and 60 minutes post exposure to the test drink respectively) The same protocol will be repeated using each intervention methods included in this study after a wash out period of minimum of 3 days. The protocol will be repeated on the study sample without any intervention following the exposure to the test soft drinks as a control.

Measurement of salivary pH will be done using a portable PH-035 Digital pH meter with automatic temperature compensation, to the accuracy of 0.1 and the machine will be calibrated on the morning of every test day and after 60 uses during the test day using Aquasol® pH calibration solutions with pH 4, 7 and 10.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 30
• Est. completion date: December 5, 2018
• Est. primary completion date: July 5, 2018
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 30 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• subjects in the age group of 18 to 30 years.

• subjects with a DMFT index score of less than 2.

• subjects with Loe and Silness index score of 0.

• subjects willing to volunteer for the study.

• subjects who are available for the whole study period of 4 months.

Exclusion Criteria:

• subjects with history of gastritis and bulimia.

• subjects with chronic medical illness.

• subjects with history of allergy.

• subjects with history of drug intake for last 8 weeks.

• subjects who smoke or chew tobacco.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Oral Hygiene
• pH
• Saliva Altered
• Tooth Structure; Disorder

Intervention

Other:
• Group 1: no intervention
Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure the pH of saliva after 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of consumption of the test carbonated drink without any intervention
• Group 2: tap water gargle
The subject will use 10 ml of tap water as mouth rinse to swish for 60 seconds and spit. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure and record the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the subject completes the gargle as an intervention.

Drug:
• Group 3: 0.2% Chlorhexidine
The subject will use 10 ml of 0.2% Chlorhexidine mouth rinse (Rexidine®, Indoco Remidies Ltd, Mumbai, India) to swish for 60 seconds and spit. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure and record the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the subject completes the gargle as an intervention

Other:
• Group 4: Fluoridated tooth paste
The subject will Brush with fluoridated toothpaste-(Colgate Total®, Colgate-Palmolive Company, Mumbai, India) for 2 minutes using soft brush. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure and record the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the subject completes using tooth paste as an intervention.
• Group 5: Polyol containing gum
The subject will chew polyol containing gum (Orbit®, WrigleyCompany) for 5 minutes and spit. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure and record the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the subject completes chewing gum as an intervention.
• Group 6: 1% sodium bicarbonate solution
The subject will use 10 ml freshly prepared 1% sodium bicarbonate w/v solution to swish for 60 seconds and spit. Unstimulated saliva samples are collected from the subject to measure and record the pH of saliva at 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the subject completes the gargle as an intervention.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
India	Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Uttaranchal Dental & Medical Research Institute	Dehradun	Uttarakhand

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Dr Meru S

Country where clinical trial is conducted

India, 

References & Publications (15)

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Arpita Ramisetti, Ramesh Babu M, Kalpana Kotha, Gururam Tej K, Sravani Chirtha. Influence of Salivary pH and Urea Level on Calculus Formation - A Clinical Study. Carib.j.SciTech, 2; 503-508,2014

Chandel S, Khan MA, Singh N, Agrawal A, Khare V. The effect of sodium bicarbonate oral rinse on salivary pH and oral microflora: A prospective cohort study. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2017 Jul-Dec;8(2):106-109. doi: 10.4103/njms.NJMS_36_17. — View Citation

Chitharanjan Shetty, Mitra N Hegde, Darshana Devadiga.Correlation between dental caries with salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity in adult south Idoan population: An in-vitro study.Internationl J Res Ayurveda Pharm 4(2):219-223,2013

Choi SE, Kim HS. Sodium Bicarbonate Solution versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash in Oral Care of Acute Leukemia Patients Undergoing Induction Chemotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci). 2012 Jun;6(2):60-6. doi: 10.1016/j.anr.2012.05.004. Epub 2012 May 24. — View Citation

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Dawes C. What is the critical pH and why does a tooth dissolve in acid? J Can Dent Assoc. 2003 Dec;69(11):722-4. — View Citation

de Almeida Pdel V, Grégio AM, Machado MA, de Lima AA, Azevedo LR. Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008 Mar 1;9(3):72-80. Review. — View Citation

Guay-Fen Huang Hsiao-Hua Changi Yin-Lin Wang'. Ming-Kuang Guo. Effect of oral rinse with soft drinks on human plaque pH. Chin Dent J 2001;20(2):83-92

Hans R, Thomas S, Garla B, Dagli RJ, Hans MK. Effect of Various Sugary Beverages on Salivary pH, Flow Rate, and Oral Clearance Rate amongst Adults. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016;2016:5027283. doi: 10.1155/2016/5027283. Epub 2016 Mar 8. — View Citation

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Ravi Gupta, Abhishek Solanki, Swati Sharma, Parvind Gumber, Asmita Sharma, Rekha Upadhyay. A Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Soft Drinks among Adolescent Students and their Dental Health: A Questionnaire Study. International Journal of Dental Health Concerns 1(1):8-12,2015.

Sudeep C B, Vipin Jain, Mathew Maliyil , Peter Simon Sequeira, Jithesh Jain. Effects on pH Value of Saliva Following Intake of Three Beverages Containing Apple Juice - A Double Blind Cross- Over Study. National Journal of Medical and Dental Research 1(4): 18-23,2013

Sudeep CB, Anzil KS Ali, Vivek S, Ambalavanan P, Vivek Suku Ninan, Fajar Ummer. Effects on ph value of saliva following intake of three beverages: A double blind cross-over study. International Journal of Dental and Health Sciences.1(3);18-23:2013

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* Note: There are 15 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	pH of Saliva at baseline	All subjects in all groups collects the unstimulated saliva in a sterile glass dish for the measurement of baseline pH of the saliva. The subject will give the saliva sample just before being exposed to the test carbonated drink by swishing 100ml of CocaCola in mouth for 2minutes and then drinking it The outcome accessor is blinded to origin of sample (from which group).	0 minutes
Secondary	pH of Saliva 5 minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink	All subjects will be given 100 ml of test carbonated drink, Coco Cola ® to drink. The subject will sip, swish and swallow the drink within 2 minutes. Five minutes after this, each subject will give unstimulated saliva in a sterile dish for measurement of saliva -5minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink. The outcome accessor is blinded to the origin of sample (from which group).	5 minutes
Secondary	pH of Saliva 15 minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink	All subjects will give unstimulated saliva in a sterile dish for measurement of saliva -15minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink. The outcome accessor is blinded to the origin of sample (from which group).	15 minutes
Secondary	pH of Saliva 30 minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink	All subjects from all six (5test and 1comparator) groups will perform the assigned intervention as per schedule at time 15minutes post exposure to carbonated drink and shall give unstimulated saliva in a sterile dish for measurement of saliva -30minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink or in other words 15minutes after assigned intervention. The outcome accessor is blinded to the origin of sample (from which group).	30 minutes
Secondary	pH of Saliva 45 minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink	All subjects from all six (5test and 1comparator) groups will perform the assigned intervention as per given schedule at time 15minutes post exposure to carbonated drink and shall give unstimulated saliva in a sterile dish for measurement of saliva -45minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink or in other words 30minutes after assigned intervention. The outcome accessor is blinded to the origin of sample (from which group).	45 minutes
Secondary	pH of Saliva 60 minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink	All subjects from all six (5test and 1comparator) groups will perform the assigned intervention as per given schedule at time 15minutes post exposure to carbonated drink and shall give unstimulated saliva in a sterile dish for measurement of saliva -60minutes after exposure to test carbonated drink or in other words 45minutes after assigned intervention. The outcome accessor is blinded to the origin of sample (from which group).	60 minutes