Elia M, Livesey G Energy expenditure and fuel selection in biological systems: the theory and practice of calculations based on indirect calorimetry and tracer methods. World Rev Nutr Diet. 1992;70:68-131. Review.
Franklin RM, Kanaley JA Intramyocellular lipids: effect of age, obesity, and exercise. Phys Sportsmed. 2009 Apr;37(1):20-6. doi: 10.3810/psm.2009.04.1679. Review.
Hall KD Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Mar;298(3):E449-66. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00559.2009. Epub 2009 Nov 24.
Hamadeh MJ, Devries MC, Tarnopolsky MA Estrogen supplementation reduces whole body leucine and carbohydrate oxidation and increases lipid oxidation in men during endurance exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3592-9. Epub 2005 Mar 8.
Holloway GP, Bonen A, Spriet LL Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism in lean and obese individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):455S-62S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26717B. Epub 2008 Dec 3. Review.
Salehzadeh F, Rune A, Osler M, Al-Khalili L Testosterone or 17{beta}-estradiol exposure reveals sex-specific effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in human myotubes. J Endocrinol. 2011 Aug;210(2):219-29. doi: 10.1530/JOE-10-0497. Epub 2011 Jun 1.
Simoneau JA, Kelley DE Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1997 Jul;83(1):166-71.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
