Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity Clinical Trial
Official title:
Autoimmune Diseases and Serum Autoantibodies in Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity Patients in Comparison to IBS Patients
In recent years, a new gluten- or wheat-related disease has emerged, a condition labelled "non-celiac gluten sensitivity" (NCGS) or "non-celiac wheat sensitivity" (NCWS). Given the lack of a diagnostic biomarker, NCGS/NCWS mostly remains a diagnosis of exclusion, especially respect to CD and WA, so a confirmatory test is required. The Salerno experts suggested the double-blind, placebo-controlled (DBPC), cross-over, gluten/wheat challenge as the gold standard test to discriminate true NCGS/NCWS patients. There are conflicting data about the real mechanisms which induce symptoms in NCGS/NCWS patients after wheat ingestion. Some Authors suggested a prevalent role for Fermentable Oligosaccharides-Disaccharides-Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs), rather than gluten in determining the symptoms. Other studies underlined the activation of mechanisms of both innate and acquired immunity in NCWS patients, after wheat ingestion. In the present study, we included a group of consecutive NCWS patients, diagnosed with DBPC wheat challenge, to evaluate a) the frequency of autoimmune diseases, b) the frequency and pattern of serum ANA and other non-organ-specific and/or organ-specific autoantibodies, and c) the possible correlations between autoimmune diseases and serum autoantibodies presence and other NCWS-related disease characteristics, in comparison with age- and sex- matched healthy blood donors and IBS patients unrelated to NCWS.
In recent years, a new gluten- or wheat-related disease has emerged, a condition labelled
"non-celiac gluten sensitivity" (NCGS) or "non-celiac wheat sensitivity" (NCWS). This is very
often a self-reported condition, since patients refer to intestinal (mainly irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS)-like) and/or extra-intestinal symptoms (i.e. fatigue, headache) caused by
gluten or wheat ingestion, even though they do not have celiac disease (CD) or wheat allergy
(WA). Given the lack of a diagnostic biomarker, NCGS/NCWS mostly remains a diagnosis of
exclusion, especially respect to CD and WA, so a confirmatory test is required. The Salerno
experts suggested the double-blind, placebo-controlled (DBPC), cross-over, gluten/wheat
challenge as the gold standard test to discriminate true NCGS/NCWS patients.
However, there are conflicting data about the real mechanisms which induce symptoms in
NCGS/NCWS patients after wheat ingestion. Some Authors suggested a prevalent role for
Fermentable Oligosaccharides-Disaccharides-Monosaccharides and Polyols (FODMAPs), rather than
gluten in determining the symptoms. Other studies underlined the activation of mechanisms of
both innate and acquired immunity in NCWS patients, after wheat ingestion. In line with the
evidence of an immunologic activation in NCWS, we showed in a previous study that about one
quarter of NCWS patients suffered from associated autoimmune diseases (mainly Hashimoto's
thyroiditis), compared with a smaller proportion of a control group including IBS patients
(about 3%). Furthermore, we showed that serum samples of NCWS patients tested positive for
anti-nuclear (ANA) in more than one third of the cases. However, that study included mainly
patients evaluated in a retrospective manner and no other autoantibodies were evaluated apart
from ANA.
In the present study, we included a group of consecutive NCWS patients, diagnosed with DBPC
wheat challenge, to evaluate a) the frequency of autoimmune diseases, b) the frequency and
pattern of serum ANA and other non-organ-specific and/or organ-specific autoantibodies, and
c) the possible correlations between autoimmune diseases and serum autoantibodies presence
and other NCWS-related disease characteristics, in comparison with age- and sex- matched
healthy blood donors and IBS patients unrelated to NCWS.
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