Mycetoma Clinical Trial
Official title:
Studying the Tissue Microenvironment Signatures of the Mycetoma Granuloma
Mycetoma is the most neglected of the neglected tropical diseases. It is caused by certain
fungi or bacteria. It is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions and Sudan seems to
be the mycetoma homeland. This chronic subcutaneous destructive and disabling inflammatory
disease has many serious medical and socio-economic impacts on patients, community and health
authorities. This work may suggest new therapeutic options for mycetoma that target the
inflammatory pathogenic pathway and hence help in designing universal treatment options for
mycetoma patients.
Two overlapping aims were investigated in this project to advance our overall goals:
1. Profiling the immune/inflammatory signatures in the tissue microenvironment of
fungus-induced mycetoma lesions
2. Profiling the immune/inflammatory signatures in the tissue microenvironment of
bacteria-induced mycetoma lesions.
Mycetoma is a chronic, specific, subcutaneous granulomatous, progressive and disfiguring
inflammatory disease. It is caused by true fungi or by certain bacteria and hence it is
usually classified into eumycetoma and actinomycetoma respectively. Madurella mycetomatis is
the commonest eumycetoma causative agent, while Streptomyces somaliensis and Nocardia
brasiliensis are the common causative organisms for actinomycetoma. The triad of a painless
subcutaneous mass, sinuses formation and purulent or sero-purulent discharge that contains
grains is pathognomonic of mycetoma. The inflammatory subcutaneous granuloma usually spreads
to involve the skin and the deep structures, resulting in destruction, deformity and loss of
function, occasionally it can be fatal. The foot and hand are the most frequently affected
sites seen in 82% of cases. In endemic areas, other parts of the body may be involved such as
the knee, arm, leg, head and neck, thigh and perineum. No age is exempted in mycetoma;
however, it occurs more frequently in young adult men in the age range 20-40 years and almost
30% of reported patients were young students.
The true incidence and prevalence of mycetoma world-wide is not precisely known. It is
interesting to note that most of the reported mycetoma data are related to hospital patients
with advanced disease. This is attributed to the nature of mycetoma which is usually
painless, slowly progressive and the late presentation of the majority of patients due to the
poor health education, lack of health facilities and financial constraints.
The worldwide distribution of mycetoma varies widely. It is endemic in many tropical and
subtropical regions and prevails in the mycetoma belt, which includes the countries of Sudan,
Somalia, Senegal, India, Yemen, Mexico, Venezuela, Columbia, Argentina, and a few others. The
African continent seems to have the highest burden and prevalence of the disease. It has also
been extensively reported from India. However, mycetoma has been reported in many temperate
regions as well. There are a few reports on mycetoma from the USA, Sri Lanka, Germany, Egypt,
Turkey, Philippines, Japan, Lebanon, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia and Iran.
The proper treatment of mycetoma depends mainly on accurate diagnosis. It is essential to
identify the causative organism to the species level and the current tests for that are the
classical grains culture, surgical biopsy histopathological examination and various molecular
techniques such as PCR. Various imaging techniques such as conventional radiology,
ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI are in use to determine the disease extend. Most of these
tests and techniques are invasive, expensive and of low sensitivity and specificity.
Furthermore, they are not available in the mycetoma endemic regions and hence there is a
desperate need forth easy to use, field-friendly test to identify the causative agent.
The management of this distressing and devastating disease is disappointing. The treatment
depends mainly on the aetiological agent, the site and extend of the disease. Until recently,
the only available treatment for mycetoma was amputation or multiple mutilating disfiguring
surgical excisions. Combined medical treatment in the form of antifungals for the eumycetoma
and antibiotics and antimicrobial agents for actinomycetoma and various surgical excisions is
the gold standard in mycetoma.
Reports on medical treatment in eumycetoma are scarce and inadequate. Over the years and till
now, the treatment of eumycetoma was based on personal clinical experience and on the results
of sporadic case reports, rather than controlled clinical trials. In general, massive
surgical excisions or amputation of affected part is the treatment of choice for eumycetoma.
Various antifungal agents have been tried with little success. This is perhaps surprising, as
the eumycetoma causative agents are low-grade infective organisms and their eradication
should be readily achieved by the administration of antifungal drugs. Generally,
actinomycetoma is amenable to medical treatment with antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic
agents. Combined drug therapy is always preferred to a single drug to avoid drug resistance
and for disease eradication.
Medical treatment for both types of mycetoma must continue until the patient is clinically,
radiologically, ultrasonically and cytologically cured. Recurrence is more common after an
incomplete or irregular course of medical treatment. With patient non-compliance, there is a
good chance for the organism to develop drug resistance.
The study was conducted at the Mycetoma clinic at the Mycetoma Research Centre (MRC),
Khartoum Sudan. Patients were enrolled into the study after written informed consent was
obtained in line with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Patients were categorized into three groups;
- Patients with eumycetoma lesions (n=10)
- Patients with actinomycetoma lesions (n=12)
- Patients with lesions of unknown causality (n=6)
Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding was performed at the MRC according to standard
procedures.
Fine needle aspirates (FNA) was collected for flow cytometry at the same time and at the same
location of the lesion in the body.
Aspirates were frozen at -80C for future analysis. Concurrently, 15 ml of blood was taken
from each patient for immunological function assays.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were prepared using standard protocols and stored in
liquid nitrogen till required.
5 ml of blood was collected in Paxgene tubes for transcriptomics analysis.
Immunohistochemistry Immunohistochemistry was performed at University of York, UK. Formalin
fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections were analysed using the 700 gene Nanostring PanCancer
Immune Cell profiling panel to obtain a high level view of the immune/inflammatory signature.
Serial sections were subjected to highly multiplexed antibody staining using the Nanostring
Digital Spatial Profiling system to obtain a comprehensive and spatially resolved insights
into lesion microenvironment.
Candidate pan-mycetoma targets identified by these approaches were confirmed using
immunofluorescent antibodies and RNA-fluorescent in situ hybridisation.
All data was recorded as digitised whole slide images for publication and archiving.
Antigen specific T cell responses T cells responses analysis were performed at Institute for
Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum.
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients and age and sex matched healthy
control from endemic area were stimulated for 7 days with fungus and bacterial lysates. IFN,
IL-17, IL-4 and IL-10 responses were determined by ELISPOT assay.
Flow cytometry on FNBs were performed with panels of antibodies to evaluate T cell and
myeloid cell phenotype.
Whole blood transcriptomics Blood were collected into Paxgene and stored at - 80c. RNA were
extracted from stored samples Full whole blood transcriptomic data was obtained by RNA-Seq.
Cytokine measurements in mycetoma aspirates were undertaken using commercially available
ELISA kits.
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| Status | Clinical Trial | Phase | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recruiting |
NCT03086226 -
Proof-of-Concept Superiority Trial of Fosravuconazole Versus Itraconazole for Eumycetoma in Sudan
|
Phase 2 |