Nociceptive Pain Clinical Trial
Official title:
Pain Assessment by Pupil Dilation Reflex (PDR) and Pupillary Pain Index (PPI) in Response to Noxious Stimulation in Anesthetized Adults
After conduction a pilot study, pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) is measured in response to nociceptive stimulation perioperatively.
An infrared camera of the video pupillometer measures the pupillary dilation reflex (PDR) in response to incremental nociceptive stimuli. The PDR is a robust reflex, even in patients under general anesthesia, and may provide a potential evaluation of the autonomous nociceptive circuit. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification I or II patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia are recruited. Enrolled patients perioperative undergo PDR measurement at 2 different standardized times (before and after opioid administration) generated by an inbuilt pupillary pain index (PPI) protocol. PPI, as a surrogate for nociception includes noxious stimulations from 10 up to 60 milli ampere (mA) until pupil dilation is larger than 13% from baseline diameter. Therefore, no inappropriate high stimulation is executed. ;
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