Effect of Exercise and MBI on Female Students' Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control of Smartphone Addiction

Mental Health Issue Clinical Trial

Official title:

Effects of Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Emotion Regulation and Inhibitory Control of Smartphone Addiction Among Female University Students

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05563285
• Other study ID #: Huange Liu
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 12, 2022
• Est. completion date: January 20, 2023

Study information

• Verified date: October 2022
• Source: Universiti Putra Malaysia
• Contact: Liu Huange
• Phone: +8615619908568
• Email: liuhuange568[@]gmail.com
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Mobile-based technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate, and in the past decade, smartphone use has become common among today's university students, who have mental health. A lot of attention has been paid in the media to the existence of "smartphone addiction" or problematic smartphone use(Sohn et al., 2019).Overuse of smartphones can cause health problems(Adams & Kisler, 2013; Demirci et al., 2015).

As an interdisciplinary subject, this study aimed at university students' smartphone addiction behavior research, understand the information era of college students' way of behavior patterns, exercise and psychological intervention strategy is put forward, to evaluate exercise and MBI intervention,and reduction of university students' smartphone addiction.

Description:

This study was divided into two groups, the exercise and mindfulness-based intervention group, and the control group. This study evaluates the effect of 8-week exercise and MBI intervention on the capacity of emotional regulation measured by physiological and psychological state and inhibitory control of smartphone addiction in female university students. The sample was Chinese female university students aged 18-23 years with infrequent exercise for smartphone addiction.

According to the literature review, the frequency of brisk walking training in this experiment was scheduled for two times/week, with a total training duration of 8 weeks. Each training session was changed within two weeks. It ranged from 60 minutes in the first and second week to 90 minutes in the eighth week of the seventh week. Brisk walking was trained using maximum heart rate to control the intensity and measured using the Borg CR10 scale after training. All exercise techniques were taught before intervention.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 66
• Est. completion date: January 20, 2023
• Est. primary completion date: December 25, 2022
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years to 23 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Female.

2. Aged 18 to 23.

3. Good health, no apparent speech disorder.

4. According to Leung's assessment scale, MAPI scores had to be more than 40 (out of 85) (Leung, 2008) .

5. .Without cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, or pulmonary diseases, symptoms, psychological disorders, or a history of alcohol abuse.And no participation in similar research projects before (using medication for psychiatric problems and undergoing other psychotherapeutic remedies)

6. Have time to ensure that you can attend every counseling on time.

7. They did no longer take part in any structured exercise in the past three months (e.g., walking, Tai Chi, basketball, badminton, running, yoga, weight training, etc.), and without experience of mindfulness training.

8. Subjects were able to participate and complete exercise training independently without any assistive devices.

9. Capable to be engaged, participate or respond to the research question,and willing to give informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Those who satisfy any of the following conditions shall be excluded:

1. Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) scores below 40 They had major disease (respiratory illness, musculoskeletal disorder, dementia and metabolic, cardiovascular disease, and renal, or pulmonary diseases) and any psychosis or other severe psychiatric disorders. Records of extreme physical or psychological problems, which includes different addictive disorders, psychotic disorders, primary depression, borderline personality disorder, or antisocial character disease primarily based on the clinical psychologist's view or observations and oral questioning.

2. Who are unable to move due to injury or illness and drop out of school .

3. Those who were undergoing other psychotherapeutic treatments were also excluded from the study.

4. Excluded students with sports contraindications and time conflicts.

5. They have participated with exercise in the past three months (e.g., walking, running, weight training, etc.)

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Behavior, Addictive
• Mental Health Issue
• Smartphone Addiction

Intervention

Behavioral:
• Exercise and Mindfulness-Based Intervention
1.Exercise Intervention 1st-2nd week: 15 min for Brisk walking. Intensity: HRmax (60%-65%); CR10 (5-6). 3rd-4th week: 20 min for Brisk walking. Intensity:HRmax (65%-70%); CR10 (6-7). 5th-6th week: 25 min for Brisk walking. BW: Intensity: HRmax(70%-75%); CR10 (6-7). 7th -8th week:30 min for Brisk walking. Exercise Intervention basic content: (1) Gradually increase the walking speed; (2) Slowly reduce the speed; (3) Rest for 5 min. 2. Mindfulness-Based Intervention 1st-2nd week: 30 min for mindfulness training. 3rd-4th week: 35 min for mindfulness training. 5th-6th week: 40 min for mindfulness training. 7th-8th week: 45 min for mindfulness training. Mindfulness-Based Intervention basic content: (1) Yoga; (2) Mindful breathing; (3) Mindfulness meditation; (4) Body scan; (5) Mindfulness awareness; (6) RAIN technique; (7) Mindful Stretching; (8) Mindful walking; (9) Mindful running
• Control Group
The control group maintained their classes as usual, usual physical education sessions, and usual daily life.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
China	Yulin University	Yulin	Shaanxi

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Country where clinical trial is conducted

China, 

References & Publications (7)

Billones R, Saligan L. What Works in Mindfulness Interventions for Medically Unexplained Symptoms? A Systematic Review. Asian Pac Isl Nurs J. 2020;5(1):1-11. doi: 10.31372/20200501.1082. — View Citation

Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res. 2012 May 9;1453:87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068. Epub 2012 Mar 4. Erratum in: Brain Res. 2012 Aug 27;1470:159. — View Citation

Fan H, Qi S, Huang G, Xu Z. Effect of Acute Aerobic Exercise on Inhibitory Control of College Students with Smartphone Addiction. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021 Aug 5;2021:5530126. doi: 10.1155/2021/5530126. eCollection 2021. — View Citation

Garland EL, Howard MO. Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addict Sci Clin Pract. 2018 Apr 18;13(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s13722-018-0115-3. Review. — View Citation

Liu S, Xiao T, Yang L, Loprinzi PD. Exercise as an Alternative Approach for Treating Smartphone Addiction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Random Controlled Trials. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Oct 15;16(20). pii: E3912. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16203912. — View Citation

Stanton MV, Matsuura J, Fairchild JK, Lohnberg JA, Bayley PJ. Mindfulness as a Weight Loss Treatment for Veterans. Front Nutr. 2016 Aug 15;3:30. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2016.00030. eCollection 2016. — View Citation

Zhou J, Wang L. Differences in the Effects of Reading and Aerobic Exercise Interventions on Inhibitory Control of College Students With Mobile Phone Addiction. Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 1;13:797780. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.797780. eCollection 2022. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI; Assessing Change)	Smartphone addiction was assessed using the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) (Leung, L. ,2008), which was translated into Chinese (Huang H,et,al.,2014) and is used widely in Chinese contexts (Zhao Y, 2019 & Chen Y,et,al.,2019). The MPAI contains 17 items assessing four domains: inability to control craving, feeling anxious and lost, withdrawal/escape, and productivity loss. Each item is responded to from 1 ("not at all") to 5 ("always"). Final scores were summed and higher total scores reflect higher levels of smartphone addiction. The Cronbach's alpha of the MPAI was 0.86 in the present study.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Smartphone behavior (Time spent on smartphone use; Assessing Change)	Subjects (respondents) will answer through six relevant time categories. "Less than 10 minutes", "11-60 minutes", "1-2 hours", "3-4 hours", "5-6 hours", or "more than 6 hours". For the type of functionality of the smartphone software used, the subjects (respondents) used a 5-point Likert scale (0 = never, 1 = rarely, 2 = sometimes, 3 = usually, 4 = always).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Heart rate (HR; Assessing Change from physiological state)	Heart rate is used to measure exercise intensity, and Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as heart rate (HR).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Galvanic skin response (GSR; Assessing Change of physiological state)	Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as galvanic skin response (GSR)(Bosse, 2017).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Electroencephalography (EEG; Assessing Change of physiological state)	Emotion regulation involves emotional responses (physiological components) such as electroencephalography (EEG).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Assessing Change)	The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003)	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Positive and negative emotion scores (Assessing Change)	Positive and negative emotion scores measured at different time points	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Response Inhibition (Assessing Change of Inhibitory control)	The measured variables were reaction time (RT) and accuracy.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Primary	Craving (Assessing Change)	Craving for smartphones (modified desire for drinking questionnaire: Love, James,; & Willner, 1998)	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Secondary	Psychological Symptoms (Assessing Change)	Psychological symptom using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). to measure the emotional states (Oei et al., 2013) . This questionnaire is a short version of a self-report instrument (21 items) which measures depression, anxiety and tension/stress (negative emotional states).	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)
Secondary	Loneliness (Assessing Change)	used the Chinese version of the ULS-8 loneliness scale, which was translated by Zhou et al. for participation in China.	Assessments will be conducted at baseline (after the screening), 4th week (1month) after the baseline, 8th week (2rd month)

External Links

•   The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale