The Effect of Improvement in Function on Foot Pressure, Balance and Gait in Children With Upper Extremity Affected

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Clinical Trial

Official title:

Investigation of the Effect of Improvement in Function on Foot Pressure, Balance and Gait in Children With Rheumatic Diseases Whose Upper Extremity Affected

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04671524
• Other study ID #: IstanbulUC_34_2
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 15, 2020
• Est. completion date: July 1, 2021

Study information

• Verified date: April 2022
• Source: Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

It has been shown that movements of the upper extremity during walking are associated with lower extremity mobility. For example, when walking at a slow pace, the swing frequency of the arms is 2: 1 compared to the legs, while the limb frequency decreases to 1: 1 as the walking speed increases. That is, in order to walk fast, the lower extremity takes advantage of the acceleration of the upper extremity [1]. It is known that the muscles of the shoulder girdle also support this oscillating movement in the upper extremity during walking. Thus, it is thought that blocking or restricting shoulder girdle and arm movements during walking increases energy expenditure and heart rate, decreases gait stability, and decreases stride length and walking speed [2,3]. However, the possible effects that the upper limb can aid in movement include decreasing vertical displacement of the center of mass, decreasing angular momentum or decreasing ground reaction moment, and increasing walking stability [2-4]. In these studies that restrict arm swing, methods such as crossing the arms on the chest [5], holding the arm in a sling or pocket [6], or fixing the arms to the trunk with a bandage [7] were used. Studies have generally been conducted on healthy individuals or on the biomechanical model, and arm swing during walking has not been investigated in pathologies with only upper extremity involvement (upper extremity fractures, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) without any problems with lower extremity and/or walking.

This study is aimed to reveal the effects of decreased upper extremity functionality on walking and balance.

Description:

It has been shown that movements of the upper extremity during walking are associated with lower extremity mobility. For example, when walking at a slow pace, the swing frequency of the arms is 2: 1 compared to the legs, while the limb frequency decreases to 1: 1 as the walking speed increases. That is, in order to walk fast, the lower extremity takes advantage of the acceleration of the upper extremity [1]. It is known that the muscles of the shoulder girdle also support this oscillating movement in the upper extremity during walking. Thus, it is thought that blocking or restricting shoulder girdle and arm movements during walking increases energy expenditure and heart rate, decreases gait stability, and decreases stride length and walking speed [2,3]. However, the possible effects that the upper limb can aid in the movement include decreasing vertical displacement of the center of mass, decreasing angular momentum or decreasing ground reaction moment, and increasing walking stability [2-4]. In these studies that restrict arm swing, methods such as crossing the arms on the chest [5], holding the arm in a sling or pocket [6], or fixing the arms to the trunk with a bandage [7] were used. Studies have generally been conducted on healthy individuals or on the biomechanical model, and arm swing during walking has not been investigated in pathologies with only upper extremity involvement (upper extremity fractures, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis) without any problems with lower extremity and/or walking.

Studies performed in pathologies where upper extremity mobility and arm swing are affected have shown that the kinetic and kinematic parameters of walking are also affected [8-11]. This change in walking dynamics also changes foot pressure behavior. In a study investigating the effect of arm swing on the affected side on walking in hemiplegic individuals, ground reaction forces on the affected and unaffected sides by foot pressure analysis were examined and it was found that the maximum forces applied during the first contact and toe-off on both sides decreased [12]. In addition, the stance phase duration was higher in hemiplegic patients compared to healthy controls in both lower extremities [12]. This suggests that the affected upper extremity may change the time to transfer weight while walking. In a study investigating the changes in gait parameters in patients with brachial plexus [13] in which ground reaction forces were examined, different gait phase durations and maximum ground reaction force times were found in the affected lower extremity compared to the unaffected side. In a study examining whether the degree of upper extremity functionality has an effect on walking in patients with hemiparetic cerebral palsy; Patients were included in the exercise program aimed at increasing upper extremity function, and as a result, it was found that while upper extremity function increased, patients improved walking parameters and walking distance [14]. Zhou et al. investigated the effects of an active upper extremity exercise program in patients with spinal cord injuries and demonstrated the usefulness of active upper extremity participation in walking [15].

With these results in the literature, the effect of reduced upper extremity function on gait and balance in disease groups (such as rheumatic diseases with only upper extremity involvement, upper extremity fractures) without affecting walking or any neurological/orthopedic diagnosis that may affect walking was not investigated.

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of decreased upper extremity functionality on walking and balance.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 39
• Est. completion date: July 1, 2021
• Est. primary completion date: July 1, 2021
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 10 Years to 18 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• To be in the 10-18 ages group (In order for the devices to comply with the minimum measurement criteria and to be able to cooperate with the study)

• Being diagnosed with rheumatic diseases at least 6 months ago with only upper extremity affected

• Unilateral upper extremity involvement

Exclusion Criteria:

• Having an acute pathology that could affect walking

• To be diagnosed with orthopedic/neurological pathology that will affect work and cooperation

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Arthritis, Juvenile
• Balance
• Gait Disorders, Neurologic
• Gait, Unsteady
• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
• Upper Extremity Dysfunction

Intervention

Other:
• Exercise protocol
a combination of stretching, range of motion, and strengthening exercise.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Turkey	Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa	Istanbul

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Turkey, 

References & Publications (15)

Behrman AL, Harkema SJ. Locomotor training after human spinal cord injury: a series of case studies. Phys Ther. 2000 Jul;80(7):688-700. Review. — View Citation

Bruijn SM, Meijer OG, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH. The effects of arm swing on human gait stability. J Exp Biol. 2010 Dec 1;213(Pt 23):3945-52. doi: 10.1242/jeb.045112. — View Citation

Cohen-Holzer M, Sorek G, Schless S, Kerem J, Katz-Leurer M. The Influence of a Constraint and Bimanual Training Program Using a Variety of Modalities, on Upper Extremity Functions and Gait Parameters Among Children with Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Series. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr. 2016;36(1):17-27. doi: 10.3109/01942638.2014.990549. Epub 2014 Dec 18. — View Citation

Collins SH, Adamczyk PG, Kuo AD. Dynamic arm swinging in human walking. Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Oct 22;276(1673):3679-88. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0664. Epub 2009 Jul 29. — View Citation

Ford MP, Wagenaar RC, Newell KM. Arm constraint and walking in healthy adults. Gait Posture. 2007 Jun;26(1):135-41. Epub 2006 Sep 25. — View Citation

Grodner MR, Dudzinski K, Zdrajkowski Z, Molik A, Nosarzewska A. Selected gait parameters in children with obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) - a pilot study. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2012 Nov-Dec;14(6):555-68. doi: 10.5604/15093492.1024721. — View Citation

Kim HD, Kim JG, Jeon DM, Shin MH, Han N, Eom MJ, Jo GY. Analysis of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Variables Using Foot Scans in Hemiplegic Patients. Ann Rehabil Med. 2015 Jun;39(3):409-15. doi: 10.5535/arm.2015.39.3.409. Epub 2015 Jun 30. — View Citation

Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Jing B. Activity of upper limb muscles during human walking. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2012 Apr;22(2):199-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.08.014. Epub 2011 Sep 25. — View Citation

Meyns P, Bruijn SM, Duysens J. The how and why of arm swing during human walking. Gait Posture. 2013 Sep;38(4):555-62. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.02.006. Epub 2013 Mar 13. Review. — View Citation

Meyns P, Van Gestel L, Massaad F, Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Duysens J. Arm swing during walking at different speeds in children with Cerebral Palsy and typically developing children. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 Sep-Oct;32(5):1957-64. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.03.029. Epub 2011 May 4. — View Citation

Pontzer H, Holloway JH 4th, Raichlen DA, Lieberman DE. Control and function of arm swing in human walking and running. J Exp Biol. 2009 Feb;212(Pt 4):523-34. doi: 10.1242/jeb.024927. Erratum in: J Exp Biol. 2009 Mar;212(Pt 6):894. Holloway, John H 3rd [corrected to Holloway, John H 4th]. — View Citation

Stephenson JL, Lamontagne A, De Serres SJ. The coordination of upper and lower limb movements during gait in healthy and stroke individuals. Gait Posture. 2009 Jan;29(1):11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.05.013. Epub 2008 Jul 11. — View Citation

Wagenaar RC, van Emmerik RE. Resonant frequencies of arms and legs identify different walking patterns. J Biomech. 2000 Jul;33(7):853-61. — View Citation

Yizhar Z, Boulos S, Inbar O, Carmeli E. The effect of restricted arm swing on energy expenditure in healthy men. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009 Jun;32(2):115-23. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32830d3675. — View Citation

Zhou R, Alvarado L, Ogilvie R, Chong SL, Shaw O, Mushahwar VK. Non-gait-specific intervention for the rehabilitation of walking after SCI: role of the arms. J Neurophysiol. 2018 Jun 1;119(6):2194-2211. doi: 10.1152/jn.00569.2017. Epub 2018 Jan 24. — View Citation

* Note: There are 15 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Fall risk	These test results will be evaluated with Biodex Balance device. The test trials are completed on the device at two different conditions, eyes open comfortable stance and eyes closed comfortable stance. The outcome is the sway variation index (SVI).	immediately after exercise protocol
Primary	Postural Stability	These test results will be evaluated with Biodex Balance device. The test trials are completed on the device at one condition, eyes open, and automatic foot placement stance. The outcome is the stability index.	immediately after exercise protocol
Primary	Bilateral Comparison	These test results will be evaluated with Biodex Balance device. The test trials are completed on the device at two different conditions, the right leg stance and left leg stance. The outcome is the sway index.	immediately after exercise protocol
Primary	Single limb stance	This outcome will be evaluated with foot pressure analysis. The time between first and second peak forces during walking is the single-limb stance duration.	immediately after exercise protocol
Secondary	Arm Swing Amplitude	The difference between the maximum flexion and extension of the shoulder is the arm swing amplitude during walking. The arm swing amplitude will be evaluated 2-dimensionally with the help of the Kinovea video player.	immediately after exercise protocol
Secondary	Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test	The Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT) is a standardized and objective measure of fine and gross motor hand function using simulated activities of daily living (ADL). The outcome is the sum of time taken for each sub-test, which is rounded to the nearest second.	immediately after exercise protocol