View clinical trials related to Insulin Sensitivity.
Filter by:The objectives of this proposal are to address the gaps in knowledge regarding the metabolic effects of consuming orange juice, the most frequently consumed fruit juice in this country, compared to sugar-sweetened beverage.
The investigators are studying the effects of Hyperglycemia on vascular function and insulin sensitivity on healthy adults
Space flight is associated with detrimental changes to the human body, including bone and muscle loss, fluid changes and deconditioning of muscles in the heart and blood vessels. Bed rest experiments, on Earth, are used to study these changes in healthy volunteers, as the disuse of muscles, and impact on the body, mimic the changes seen in the low-gravity environment of Space. Moreover, these changes are similar to those reported in people who remain in bed for long periods of time, such as is seen in intensive care or stroke patients, and bed rest studies also allow the physiological and biochemical impacts of this confinement to be investigated. For example, we know from previous research that muscle inactivity can lead to the development of resistance to the action of the hormone 'insulin', which is a longer term risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies suggest that this inactivity-induced insulin resistance occurs within the first 48 hours of immobilization. However, it is not clear whether the biochemical and physiological processes underlying these short-term responses to inactivity are the same as those seen in the longer term. The current study aims to investigate the biochemical and physiological changes seen after 3 days of bed rest and to compare to those measured in a previous 57 days bed rest study carried out at Institut Médecine Physiologie Spatiale (MEDES; Toulouse, France). A 3-day period of reconditioning will subsequently be used to determine if these changes can be readily reversed.
Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH) affects up to 3% of the population and leads to liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death. The only known treatment is weight loss and exercise. Many patients cannot or will not achieve this with conventional means. The pathogenic process of the disease is insulin resistance which can be reversed relatively quickly with intense exercise or electrical stimulation of muscle. Most patients cannot achieve or sustain the level of aerobic exercise required; resistance exercise is more sustainable and similarly effective. The aim of this pilot study is to investigate whether electro-muscle stimulation, designed to emulate resistance exercise, resolves NASH in patients and moves them to a less dangerous metabolic steady state which should be easier to maintain.
Nine healthy, moderately fit male volunteers participated in the study. The subjects gave written informed consent after having been informed of any possible risk and discomfort associated with the study. The study was approved by the regional ethics committee in Denmark (Journal number: H-4-2013-071) and performed in accordance with the Declarations of Helsinki II. All subjects underwent 3 clinical investigations (day 1, day 2 and day 5) during a 5 day glycogen supercompensation regime. The subjects were asked to refrain from physical activity and to eat a controlled diet containing 60% carbohydrates (CHO) for 4 days prior to the initial experiments. Upon arrival at the laboratory on day 1, the subjects performed one-legged knee extensor exercise for 1 hour at 80% of PWL interspersed by 5 min bouts at 90% of PWL. This was followed by interval exercise until exhaustion containing 4 min bouts starting at 100% PWL followed by 1 min at 50% of PWL. Upon cessation of exercise the subjects showered and rested in the supine position for 4 hours. Then a 120 min hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was initiated by a bolus insulin injection (9.0 mU/kg, Actrapid, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) followed by continuous insulin infusion (1.42 mU/kg/min insulin) reaching a level of plasma insulin around 100 µU/mL (n=9). At least 2 hours before the insulin clamp, catheters were placed in both femoral, one antecubital and one dorsal hand vein. A heat pad was placed around the lower part of the arm and hand in order to "arterialize" blood drawn from the hand vein. Substrate uptake/release across the legs was calculated by multiplying the arterial-venous (AV) difference in blood substrate concentration by femoral arterial blood flow (measured by ultrasound, Philips DICOM). Blood glucose levels were maintained at the euglycemic predefined target by continuously adjusting the glucose infusion rate (GIR) (20% glucose solution; Fresenius Kabi, Sweden). Concurrent measures of substrate AV differences and blood flow were performed every 20 min. Muscle biopsies from m. vastus lateralis were obtained under local anaesthesia (3-5 ml of Xylocaine, 20 mg/ml.) in the basal- and insulin-stimulated state (120 min) by use of needle biopsy technique. Muscle specimen were frozen within 20 sec in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for further analysis. A new incision was made for every biopsy and spaced 4-5 cm apart. This insulin clamp procedure in combination with basal and insulin stimulated muscle biopsies was repeated in the rested state (without prior exercise) on day 2 and day 5. The subjects arrived in the morning in the overnight fasted state at day 1, day 2 and day 5. During the 5 day supercompensation regime the subjects were provided a predefined isocaloric diet containing 80% carbohydrates, 10% fat and 10% proteins. All food items were handle out to the subjects and compliance of the diet regime was ensured by survey.
the aim of this study is to evaluate whether a Mediterranean diet rich in pasta and other starchy foods with a (Low-GI), as compared with a similar Mediterranean diet containing very little pasta and based on starchy foods with a (Hi-GI) is able to reduce insulin and glucose concentrations during a prolonged test study meal.
This study investigates the influence of red meat and fibers on glucose metabolism and body fat composition in subjects at increased risk for type 2 diabetes.
Excessive fat in the liver, in absence of high alcohol consumption, is diagnosed as non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL). NAFL prevalence is as high as 50-70% in obese people and is associated with impairments in metabolic health, e.g. insulin resistance. Not only the amount, but also the composition of the fat stored in the liver appears to be linked to health outcome measures, such as insulin resistance, but this evidence comes mainly from animal studies. Since fat composition has been linked to health outcome measures, it is important to understand what determines the fatty acid composition of liver fat. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) and adipose tissue fat composition are factors that could determine liver fat composition. Since the end product of DNL are saturated fatty acids and as the majority of fatty acids in the liver originate from adipose tissue, both may influence hepatic fatty acid composition profoundly. Here, our primary hypothesis is that DNL is associated with the relative amount of saturated fatty acids in the liver in overweight/obese humans differing in liver fat content. Furthermore, we hypothesise that adipose tissue fat composition is associated with liver fat composition and that liver fat composition is associated with liver, muscle and whole body insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans differing in liver fat content. To this end, liver fat composition, adipose tissue fat composition, DNL and insulin sensitivity will be measured in overweight/obese participants differing in liver content.
The study will investigate myocellular signalling in skeletal muscle after insulin-stimulation and exercise in healthy young men
The purpose of this study is to assess the early longitudinal metabolic effects including insulin sensitivity in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children compared to HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children; as well as to determine differences in the effects of neonatal zidovudine (AZT) vs. nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis on early longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity in the first 3 years of life.