Inflammatory Response Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Combined Influence of Blueberry and Banana Consumption on Metabolic Recovery From 75-km Cycling Exercise Stress
The PURPOSE of this study is to investigate the combined influence of 2-weeks blueberry
ingestion and banana ingestion (during exercise) on performance and in mitigating metabolic
perturbation, immune dysfunction, and increase in inflammation following a 75-km cycling time
trial. We hypothesize that the combination of 2-weeks ingestion of blueberries (versus
placebo) and acute ingestion of bananas (versus water alone) during 75-km cycling will:
1. Enhance performance.
2. Attenuate the magnitude of metabolic perturbation due to exercise (using a targeted
panel of metabolites) which may be associated with increased plasma levels of beneficial
gut-derived phenolics.
3. Attenuate post-exercise inflammation (as measured with cytokines, muscle damage markers,
regulatory lipid mediators, ex-vivo monocyte cell cultures, and targeted immune proteins
including S100A8 and S100A12).
4. Counter post-exercise downturns in innate immune function (natural killer cell lytic
activity), and viral defense (using an ex-vivo cell culture with Hela cells).
LAB VISIT #1: ORIENTATION AND BASELINE TESTING (about 1.5 hours):
One to two weeks prior to the start of the study, study participants will report to the NCRC
Human Performance Lab for orientation and baseline testing. Study participants will be
screened to verify "low risk" status for cardiovascular disease, and provide voluntary
consent. Demographic and training histories will be acquired with questionnaires. Study
participants will be tested for VO2max (i.e., maximal oxygen consumption) using the Lodi
cycle ergometer. Percent body fat will be measured using the BodPod. Study participants will
sit inside the BodPod with a tight-fitting swim suit for about 10 minutes while body fat is
calculated.
LAB VISIT #2: START OF 2-WEEK SUPPLEMENTATION PERIOD (about 20 minutes)
On the assigned date and time, study participants will return to the lab in an overnight
fasted state (9 or more hours with no food or beverage including coffee and tea, other than
water). A blood sample will be collected from an arm or hand vein by trained phlebotomists.
Each blood sample will not exceed 35 ml (2.3 tablespoons), and will be analyzed for
indicators of immune function, inflammation, muscle damage, stress hormones, and indicators
of plant polyphenol metabolism.
Study participants will be randomized to blueberry and placebo groups, and be given a 14-day
supply of freeze-dried blueberry powder or placebo powder. The blueberry and placebo
supplements will be ingested daily for 2-weeks prior to participation in the 75-km cycling
time trial, the day of the exercise trial (after the blood draw, and supplied at the lab),
and one day of recovery (after the blood draw, and supplied at the lab (thus 16 days total).
The blueberry powder supplement (26 g per day or approximately one cup fresh blueberries
equivalent) will consist of freeze-dried wild blueberries prepared by Future Ceuticals
(Momence, IL). This product contains all of the polyphenols (in particular, anthocyanins),
fiber, and natural sugars contained in fresh wild blueberries. The placebo powder will look
identical but not contain freeze-dried blueberries. The placebo blueberry powder will consist
of blueberry flavoring (2.8%), coloring (0.7% artificial purple, 0.3% artificial red),
maltodextrin (21%), fructose (3.5%), citric acid (0.7%), and a silica flow agent (0.5%).
Study participants will consume the blueberry and placebo powders by mixing them in fruit
juices, yogurts, milk, or other products during the first meal of each day for two weeks. The
blueberry and placebo powders should be stored in the freezer section of the refrigerator in
the containers supplied to study participants.
LAB VISIT #3: POST-SUPPLEMENTATION LAB VISIT WITH 75-km CYCLING (about 8-9 hours)
- During the 3-day period prior to the 75-km cycling trial, study participants will taper
exercise training and ingest a moderate-carbohydrate diet, with foods chosen from a food
list moderating use of high fat foods, visible fats, and fruit/vegetable polyphenols.
Study participants will record all food and beverage intake during the 3-day period.
- After the 2-week supplementation period, study participants will return to the lab at
7:00 am in an overnight fasted and rested state (on the same day of the week and time as
the pre-supplementation lab visit).
- Study participants will turn in the 3-day food record.
- Study participants will verify that they have ingested the assigned supplement each
day.
- A 35 ml blood sample will be collected.
- Study participants will next ingest 26 g of freeze-dried blueberry powder or
placebo powder in 1.5 cups of water (with Equal packets available to improve taste
as desired).
- A simple questionnaire will be used for study participants to indicate muscle
soreness (DOMS).
- Study participants will complete a symptom log, which will include questions on
digestive and mental health (heartburn, bloating, diarrhea, nausea, energy levels,
ability to focus, etc.). Study participants will indicate responses using a
12-point Likert scale, with 1 relating to "none at all", 6 "moderate", and 12 "very
high".
- Study participants will be randomized to cycle 75-km on water alone or with bananas
and water (and this will be revealed after the blood draw). Twenty minutes after
ingesting the supplement, study participants will start the 75-km cycling time
trial.
75-km CYCLING TIME TRIAL
7:30 am: Start 75-km cycling time trial. Study participants are to complete the 75-km course
as fast as possible.
- Study participants will use their own bicycles on CompuTrainer Pro Model 8001 trainers
(RacerMate, Seattle, WA). A mountainous 75-km course with moderate difficulty will be
utilized using the CompuTrainer software system.
- Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) will be recorded every 30 minutes, and
workload (watts) continuously monitored using the CompuTrainer MultiRider software
system (version 3.0, RacerMate, Seattle, WA).
- Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and ventilation will be measured using
the Cosmed metabolic cart after 16 km and 55 km cycling (through a facemask similar to
what occurred during baseline testing). Performance will be monitored throughout the
75-km cycling time trial using percentage of maximal watts to ensure that a full effort
is being given.
- Study participants will consume 3 ml/kg water every 15 min (e.g., about one cup for a 75
kg cyclist).
- If randomized to ingest bananas with water: Study participants will ingest Cavendish
bananas, with the volume adjusted to 0.2 g carbohydrate/kg body weight every 15 minutes
(or 0.8 g/kg carbohydrate per hour) during the 75-km time trials. For a 75-kg cyclist,
fruit intake will be approximately one-half banana every 15 minutes. Bananas will be
provided by Dole Foods at the appropriate ripening stage (full yellow, stage six). No
other beverage or food containing energy or nutrients will be allowed during the cycling
time trials.
~10:00-11:30 am: Immediate-post-exercise, 1.5-h recovery blood samples; lunch
- Blood samples will be taken from the arm vein immediately after completing the 75-km
time trial, and then at 1.5-h post-exercise.
- Immediately post-exercise, study participants will complete the symptom log.
- Study participants will indicate muscle soreness using the DOMS questionnaire
immediately post-exercise and 1.5-h post-exercise.
- Study participants will ingest no food or beverage other than water (7 ml/kg or about
two cups during the 1.5 h post-exercise period).
- Right after the 1.5-h recovery blood sample has been collected, study participants will
ingest a meal adjusted to 12 kcal/kg body weight. The meal will be prepared by Dole
Foods and include grilled chicken, rice, corn, green beans, salt, and water.
~11:30 am to 3:00 pm: 3-h and 5-h recovery
- Additional blood samples and DOMS responses will be collected 3-h and 5-h post-exercise.
During this time, study participants will rest quietly in the lab.
LAB VISITS #4 and #5: RECOVERY DAY BLOOD SAMPLES, 7:00 am:
• Study participants will return to the lab the following two mornings in an overnight fasted
state at about 7:00 am (~21-h and 45-h after completing the 75-km time trial). Blood samples
and responses to the DOMS questionnaire will be collected at both lab visits. Study
participants will ingest the blueberry or placebo powder in the lab on the first recovery day
following the blood sample collection.
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