Well-being Clinical Trial
Official title:
EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY ON GENERAL SELF-EFFICACY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN OLDER ADULTS
The objective of this study is to determine whether individual and/or group occupational therapy leads to changes in generalized self-efficacy and psychological well-being, and to identify the type of therapy that has the best effects on older adults.
Objective
The main objective of this study is to determine whether individual and/or group
occupational therapy leads to changes in generalized self-efficacy and psychological
well-being, and to identify the type of therapy that has the best effects on the population
of older adults. In addition, the investigators aim to determine whether there is a
relationship between the different domains of psychological well-being and the sense of
general self-efficacy.
Design
The research draws on a randomized experimental intervention study with a pre-post design.
It compares two groups: one receiving individual therapy and the other, group therapy.
Setting
The intervention was conducted at two state-assisted residential care centers for older
adults in Málaga (Spain). Each participant was first interviewed to gather sociodemographic
data (age, gender, education level) as well as to verify that their scores for cognitive
levels and the required skills and capabilities were sufficient to participate in the study.
During this interview, the aim and length of the intervention was explained and an
invitation to participate was given. All participants gave their informed consent. The care
center and the Ethics Committee of the University of Málaga authorized the study. The same
cognitive and emotional screening was conducted before and after the intervention. In each
care center participants were randomly assigned to the two treatment groups.
Subjects
From an initial sample of 112 residents, a final sample of 74, divided into two groups of
37, was included in the study. For both groups, the inclusion criteria were: 1) able to
read; 2) having normal cognitive function, scoring >22 on the Mini Mental Scale Examination,
the cut-off point according to the scoring instructions of the adapted version for the
Spanish population.
Method
In April 2014, after the sample was selected, participants were randomized to two groups of
34. Following assessment, the intervention began in May. The intervention lasted 6 months,
after which participants were re-assessed.
The instruments used were Van Dierendonck's Spanish adaptation of Ryff´s Psychological
Well-being Scale, comprising 39 items and with an internal consistency of between 0.78 and
0.81 and the Spanish adaptation of Schwarzer and Jerusalem's General Self-Efficacy Scale
(GSE), with an internal consistency of 0.84 (Cronbach's alpha).
Activities were conducted in three 45-minute sessions per week. In both treatment modalities
the activities included personal independence training (ADLs), sensory-motor stimulation
activities, cognitive stimulation (attention, memory, language and executive function) and
animal-assisted therapy (AAT). The group occupational therapy participants also received
psychosocial skills training.
To describe the sample, the investigators used descriptive statistics for quantitative and
qualitative variables. To analyze differences in the main study variables we applied the
t-student test or the Mann-Whitney U test, depending on whether or not they followed a
normal distribution. Chi square testing was used to determine the existence of differences
in distribution by gender, age and educational level. To analyze the main dependent
variables (self-efficacy and well-being) we conducted a repeated measures ANOVA for
intra-subject and inter-subject factors. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05.
Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0.
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