Flumazenil for Hypoactive Delirium Secondary to Benzodiazepine Exposure

Hypoactive Delirium Clinical Trial

— FLYP  

Official title:

Effect of Flumazenil on Hypoactive Delirium in the ICU: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Terminated

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02899156
• Other study ID #: 837421
• Status: Terminated
• Phase: Phase 4
• Start date: March 2016
• Est. completion date: April 16, 2019

Study information

• Verified date: July 2020
• Source: University of California, Davis
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Delirium within the intensive care unit (ICU) is associated with poor outcomes such as increased mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS), and time on mechanical ventilation. Benzodiazepine (BZD) exposure is an independent risk factor for development of delirium. Reversal of hypoactive delirium represents a potential opportunity for reducing duration of delirium and subsequent complications.

This is a single-center randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of critically ill adult patients with benzodiazepine-associated hypoactive delirium. The hypothesis is that flumazenil continuous infusion may reverse hypoactive delirium associated with BZD exposure and thereby reduce duration of delirium and ICU LOS.

Description:

Benzodiazepines are commonly used for discomfort, anxiety, agitation, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) in the ICU. End organ dysfunction and extended exposure can increase the risk of complications associated with BZDs, which include increased ICU LOS, time on mechanical ventilation, and mortality.

Flumazenil as a 1, 4-imidazobenzodiazepine is a competitive antagonist for the benzodiazepine binding site with weak intrinsic or partial agonistic activity on the GABA receptor. Multiple studies have confirmed the safety and effectiveness of flumazenil for the reversal of sedation. Pilot studies have demonstrated safe reversal of over-sedation and statistically significant improvements in patient cooperation and time to extubation. The current standard for suspected BZD-associated hypoactive delirium is cessation of benzodiazepine administration and supportive care.

The role of continuous infusion flumazenil for rapid and sustained reversal of hypoactive delirium in the ICU has not been evaluated prospectively and therefore remains poorly defined.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Terminated
• Enrollment: 22
• Est. completion date: April 16, 2019
• Est. primary completion date: April 16, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• critically ill adults

• RASS score of -3 to 0 after receiving benzodiazepine therapy

• CAM-ICU positive

• no benzodiazepine therapy within the previous 12 hours

Exclusion Criteria:

1. contraindications to flumazenil including hypersensitivity

2. receipt of benzodiazepines for control of potentially life-threatening conditions (e.g., control of intracranial pressure or status epilepticus)

3. active seizure disorder or on current anti-convulsant therapy for history of seizure disorder. Seizures secondary to alcohol withdrawal will NOT be excluded.

4. history of traumatic brain injury complicated by seizures

5. acute episode (within prior 30 days) of severe traumatic brain injury

6. history of structural lesion (e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident, intra-parenchymal hemorrhage) complicated by seizures

7. acute episode (within prior 14 days) of structural lesion (e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident, intra-parenchymal hemorrhage)

8. brain tumor complicated by seizure

9. history of anoxic brain injury

10. third-degree burn with total body surface area (TBSA) burn greater than 20%

11. chronic benzodiazepine (clonazepam:lorazepam:diazepam approximately 4:8:40 mg per day) for 7 consecutive days with no taper

12. chronic delirium that is attributable to other causes

13. anticipated to transfer to lower level of care within 24 hours

14. admitted for polysubstance overdose as determined by initial drug toxicity screening

15. recent exposure (prior 7 days) to pro-convulsant medications (identified via medication list, medication reconciliation performed by PI/pharmacy medication reconciliation team, or urine drug screening)

16. children, incarcerated individuals, and pregnant women

17. unable to provide consent and the legally authorized representative is unable to provide consent

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Delirium
• Hypoactive Delirium
• Hypokinesia

Intervention

Drug:
• Flumazenil

• Placebo
0.9% normal saline

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	UC Davis Medical Center	Sacramento	California

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of California, Davis

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (31)

Avelino-Silva TJ, Campora F, Curiati JAE, Jacob-Filho W. Prognostic effects of delirium motor subtypes in hospitalized older adults: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2018 Jan 30;13(1):e0191092. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191092. eCollection 2018. — View Citation

Balas MC, Vasilevskis EE, Olsen KM, Schmid KK, Shostrom V, Cohen MZ, Peitz G, Gannon DE, Sisson J, Sullivan J, Stothert JC, Lazure J, Nuss SL, Jawa RS, Freihaut F, Ely EW, Burke WJ. Effectiveness and safety of the awakening and breathing coordination, delirium monitoring/management, and early exercise/mobility bundle. Crit Care Med. 2014 May;42(5):1024-36. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000129. — View Citation

Barnes-Daly MA, Phillips G, Ely EW. Improving Hospital Survival and Reducing Brain Dysfunction at Seven California Community Hospitals: Implementing PAD Guidelines Via the ABCDEF Bundle in 6,064 Patients. Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb;45(2):171-178. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002149. — View Citation

Bassett R, Adams KM, Danesh V, Groat PM, Haugen A, Kiewel A, Small C, Van-Leuven M, Venus S, Ely EW. Rethinking critical care: decreasing sedation, increasing delirium monitoring, and increasing patient mobility. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2015 Feb;41(2):62-74. — View Citation

Bodenham A, Park GR. Reversal of prolonged sedation using flumazenil in critically ill patients. Anaesthesia. 1989 Jul;44(7):603-5. — View Citation

Breheny FX. Reversal of midazolam sedation with flumazenil. Crit Care Med. 1992 Jun;20(6):736-9. — View Citation

Brogden RN, Goa KL. Flumazenil. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy as a benzodiazepine antagonist. Drugs. 1991 Dec;42(6):1061-89. Review. Erratum in: Drugs 1992 Apr;43(4):442. — View Citation

Chern CH, Chern TL, Wang LM, Hu SC, Deng JF, Lee CH. Continuous flumazenil infusion in preventing complications arising from severe benzodiazepine intoxication. Am J Emerg Med. 1998 May;16(3):238-41. — View Citation

Devlin JW, Roberts RJ, Fong JJ, Skrobik Y, Riker RR, Hill NS, Robbins T, Garpestad E. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: a prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):419-27. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b9e302. — View Citation

Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Speroff T, Truman B, Dittus R, Bernard R, Inouye SK. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med. 2001 Dec;27(12):1892-900. Epub 2001 Nov 8. — View Citation

Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Hart RP, Dittus R. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA. 2001 Dec 5;286(21):2703-10. — View Citation

Ely EW, Shintani A, Truman B, Speroff T, Gordon SM, Harrell FE Jr, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Dittus RS. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1753-62. — View Citation

Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, Francis J, Speroff T, Gautam S, Margolin R, Sessler CN, Dittus RS, Bernard GR. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA. 2003 Jun 11;289(22):2983-91. — View Citation

Ely EW. The ABCDEF Bundle: Science and Philosophy of How ICU Liberation Serves Patients and Families. Crit Care Med. 2017 Feb;45(2):321-330. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002175. — View Citation

Flumazenil [package insert]. San Francisco, CA, Genentech Inc, 2010

Girard TD, Exline MC, Carson SS, Hough CL, Rock P, Gong MN, Douglas IS, Malhotra A, Owens RL, Feinstein DJ, Khan B, Pisani MA, Hyzy RC, Schmidt GA, Schweickert WD, Hite RD, Bowton DL, Masica AL, Thompson JL, Chandrasekhar R, Pun BT, Strength C, Boehm LM, Jackson JC, Pandharipande PP, Brummel NE, Hughes CG, Patel MB, Stollings JL, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW; MIND-USA Investigators. Haloperidol and Ziprasidone for Treatment of Delirium in Critical Illness. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 27;379(26):2506-2516. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1808217. Epub 2018 Oct 22. — View Citation

Höjer J, Baehrendtz S, Magnusson A, Gustafsson LL. A placebo-controlled trial of flumazenil given by continuous infusion in severe benzodiazepine overdosage. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1991 Oct;35(7):584-90. — View Citation

Kreshak AA, Cantrell FL, Clark RF, Tomaszewski CA. A poison center's ten-year experience with flumazenil administration to acutely poisoned adults. J Emerg Med. 2012 Oct;43(4):677-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2012.01.059. Epub 2012 Jul 4. — View Citation

Krewulak KD, Stelfox HT, Leigh JP, Ely EW, Fiest KM. Incidence and Prevalence of Delirium Subtypes in an Adult ICU: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018 Dec;46(12):2029-2035. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003402. — View Citation

Moore PW, Donovan JW, Burkhart KK, Waskin JA, Hieger MA, Adkins AR, Wert Y, Haggerty DA, Rasimas JJ. Safety and efficacy of flumazenil for reversal of iatrogenic benzodiazepine-associated delirium toxicity during treatment of alcohol withdrawal, a retrospective review at one center. J Med Toxicol. 2014 Jun;10(2):126-32. doi: 10.1007/s13181-014-0391-6. — View Citation

Pandharipande P, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jan;104(1):21-6. — View Citation

Patel SB, Poston JT, Pohlman A, Hall JB, Kress JP. Rapidly reversible, sedation-related delirium versus persistent delirium in the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Mar 15;189(6):658-65. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201310-1815OC. — View Citation

Penninga EI, Graudal N, Ladekarl MB, Jürgens G. Adverse Events Associated with Flumazenil Treatment for the Management of Suspected Benzodiazepine Intoxication--A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses of Randomised Trials. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016 Jan;118(1):37-44. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12434. Epub 2015 Jul 28. Review. — View Citation

Pepperman ML. Double-blind study of the reversal of midazolam-induced sedation in the intensive care unit with flumazenil (Ro 15-1788): effect on weaning from ventilation. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1990 Feb;18(1):38-44. — View Citation

Salluh JI, Wang H, Schneider EB, Nagaraja N, Yenokyan G, Damluji A, Serafim RB, Stevens RD. Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015 Jun 3;350:h2538. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2538. Review. — View Citation

Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, Tesoro EP, Elswick RK. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002 Nov 15;166(10):1338-44. — View Citation

Shehabi Y, Bellomo R, Reade MC, Bailey M, Bass F, Howe B, McArthur C, Seppelt IM, Webb S, Weisbrodt L; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Oct 15;186(8):724-31. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC. Epub 2012 Aug 2. — View Citation

Spivey WH, Roberts JR, Derlet RW. A clinical trial of escalating doses of flumazenil for reversal of suspected benzodiazepine overdose in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Dec;22(12):1813-21. — View Citation

Trogrlic Z, van der Jagt M, Lingsma H, Gommers D, Ponssen HH, Schoonderbeek JFJ, Schreiner F, Verbrugge SJ, Duran S, Bakker J, Ista E. Improved Guideline Adherence and Reduced Brain Dysfunction After a Multicenter Multifaceted Implementation of ICU Delirium Guidelines in 3,930 Patients. Crit Care Med. 2019 Mar;47(3):419-427. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003596. — View Citation

Weinbroum A, Rudick V, Sorkine P, Nevo Y, Halpern P, Geller E, Niv D. Use of flumazenil in the treatment of drug overdose: a double-blind and open clinical study in 110 patients. Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;24(2):199-206. — View Citation

Zaal IJ, Devlin JW, Hazelbag M, Klein Klouwenberg PM, van der Kooi AW, Ong DS, Cremer OL, Groenwold RH, Slooter AJ. Benzodiazepine-associated delirium in critically ill adults. Intensive Care Med. 2015 Dec;41(12):2130-7. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4063-z. Epub 2015 Sep 24. — View Citation

* Note: There are 31 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Number of Delirium-free Days	Defined by the number of days in the 14-day period after randomization that the patient was alive and not delirious (i.e. CAM-ICU negative). Zero delirium-free days will be observed for patients that die within the 14-day period.	up to 14 days after randomization
Secondary	Number of Participants With Delirium Resolution	defined by the proportion of patients who were delirium free at 14 days after randomization	up to 14 days after randomization
Secondary	Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay	length of time that the patient was admitted to an intensive care unit service during the hospital stay	duration of admission to the intensive care unit
Secondary	Number of Mechanical Ventilator Free Days	number of days within the first 28 days after enrollment that the patient was free from needing mechanical ventilation	up to 28 days after randomization
Secondary	Occurrence of Agitation Requiring Use of Rescue Sedatives While on Study Infusion	number of times that a RASS score of + 2 to +4 occurred that did not resolve with decreasing study infusion	up to 72 hours after the start of the infusion
Secondary	Average Duration of Study Infusion	average duration of time patient was randomized to each infusion up to 72 hours	up to 72 hours after the start of the infusion
Secondary	Average Maximum Rate of Study Infusion	average maximum rate (ml/hr) during the 72 hours after study infusion	up to 72 hours after the start of the infusion