Bijur PE, Kenny MK, Gallagher EJ Intravenous morphine at 0.1 mg/kg is not effective for controlling severe acute pain in the majority of patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Oct;46(4):362-7. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.03.010.
Fletcher AK, Rigby AS, Heyes FL Three-in-one femoral nerve block as analgesia for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Feb;41(2):227-33. doi: 10.1067/mem.2003.51.
Fredrickson MJ, Kilfoyle DH Neurological complication analysis of 1000 ultrasound guided peripheral nerve blocks for elective orthopaedic surgery: a prospective study. Anaesthesia. 2009 Aug;64(8):836-44. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.05938.x.
Grabinsky A, Sharar SR Regional anesthesia for acute traumatic injuries in the emergency room. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009 Nov;9(11):1677-90. doi: 10.1586/ern.09.110.
Kelly AM The minimum clinically significant difference in visual analogue scale pain score does not differ with severity of pain. Emerg Med J. 2001 May;18(3):205-7. doi: 10.1136/emj.18.3.205.
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Todd KH Clinical versus statistical significance in the assessment of pain relief. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Apr;27(4):439-41. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(96)70226-3. No abstract available.
Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Femoral Nerve Blockade and Standard Parenteral Opioid Pain Management Alone in Patients With Hip Fracture in the Emergency Department
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
