Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Primary |
gait speed |
Participants will walk 10m at their preferred speed and at fast speed. A 12-meter walkway will be used for walking testing. In order to allow the subjects to have enough distance to accelerate and decelerate, only the time taken to walk the middle 10 meters will be recorded by a stopwatch. The primary gait parameter is gait speed (cm/s) under dual-task walking conditions using the 10 Meter Walking Test, |
5 minutes |
|
Primary |
composite score |
A composite score for cognitive-task performance will be calculated by dividing the accuracy (% correct responses) with the reaction time of correct answers (milliseconds), which accounts for speed-accuracy trade-offs in the overall dual-task effect. |
10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Berg Balance Scale (BBS). |
The BBS is a 14-item scale quantitatively assesses both static and dynamic balance. The items are scored from 0 to 4, with a score of 0 representing independent item completion. Scores of the BBS range from 0 to 56, with higher scores suggest better balance. |
5-10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest). |
The Mini-BESTest consists of 14 items and includes four subscales: anticipatory postural adjustments, reactive postural control, sensory orientation, and dynamic gait. Each item is rated on a three-point ordinal scale (0 = severe, 1=moderate, and 2 = normal), with a maximum score of 28 points. |
10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG). |
The TUG test will be used as an index of dynamic balance of the elderly. At the signal, participants stand up, walk 3m, turn, walk back, and sit down again. The score is the time to complete the test measured using a stopwatch. The TUG test will be administered under the single-task (preferred speed and maximum fast) and dual-task conditions (tray carrying and counting backward by 3s). In dual-task condition, participants will be asked to perform the TUG test while carrying a tray with glasses (dual-TUG manual) or counting backward by 3s (dual-TUG cognition). The instruction for dual-TUG tests is to walk with your comfortable speed and concurrently perform a secondary task (carry the tray in front of you with both hands without dropping glasses on the tray or counting backward by 3s). |
2 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Functional Gait Assessment (FGA). |
The FGA is comprised of 10-item that contains 7 of 8 items (except walking around obstacles) from the Dynamic Gait Index and 3 additional tasks, including walking with a narrow base of support, walking with the eyes closed, and walking backward. Subjects' performance of each test item was rated on a 4-point scale (0-3), with the total score ranging between 0 and 30. |
10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). |
The Chinese version of the PASE (PASE-C) will with good test-retest reliability and concurrent validity be used to quantify activity levels for the elderly |
5 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Chair Stand Test (CS) |
The Chair Stand Test measures lower extremity muscular strength. The participants will be instructed to stand from a seated on the chair position as much as possible for 30 seconds. The total number of stands was counted in 30 seconds. Timed five-chair stand (TCS) is the time measured using a stopwatch to complete five times of standing from sitting. |
2 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Muscle Strength of Lower-Extremity |
Handheld dynamometers (MicroFET2, Hoggan Health Industries Inc, West Jordan, Utah; Jamar ® Plus+ hand dynamometer, Patterson Medical® Sammons Preston®) will be used to measure the maximum isometric strength of tibialis anterior and grip Handheld dynamometers (MicroFET2, Hoggan Health Industries Inc, West Jordan, Utah; Jamar ® Plus+ hand dynamometer, Patterson Medical® Sammons Preston®) will be used to measure the maximum isometric strength of tibialis anterior and grip strength (averaged over three attempts and left and right limbs) using a standard protocol with high test-retest reliability. |
10 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). |
The ABC will be used to determine fear of falling and self-reported confidence when performing 15 different daily activities, such as walking around the house, walking up and down stairs, and walking on slippery floors. A confidence rating scale ranges from 0% to 100%, with 0% indicating no confidence, and 100% indicating full confidence. |
2 minutes |
|
Secondary |
Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form (GDS-SF). |
Previous studies showed that physical activity is negatively associated with mental disorder, such as depressive symptoms in older adults. Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the 15-item GDS-SF rating from 0 to 15. |
2 minutes |
|