Gambling Clinical Trial
Official title:
Messages de prévention Sur Les Appareils de Loterie vidéo : Effets Sur Les Comportements et Les Cognitions [Prevention Messages for Electronic Gambling Machines: Effects on Behaviours and Cognitions]
The goals of this randomized controlled trial are to test the manifold effects of prevention pop-up messages on participants' behaviours, cognitions and affects. This study is conducted among regular EGMs' players (defined as having played EGMs at least once every two weeks for the past 12 months) who are not classified as probable pathological gamblers by the PGSI. After answering a series of short questionnaires by phone, participants are asked to schedule a gambling session which is done in a laboratory on the university's campus. This laboratory replicates a typical bar, and is equipped with real EGMs. Participants are recruited under the false pretense of giving their opinion on the realism of the bar replica, and on the overall feeling of the gambling session in it. They are told that: (a) they are free to gamble as much and for as long as they like; (b) they are allowed to take breaks; (c) gambling is to be done with their own money; (d) the only compensation for participation are the potential winnings made while gambling; (e) net winnings across their whole session are paid, but losses are real. There is only one participant at a time in the laboratory for the gambling session. After having stopped by their own volition (some exceptions apply, see "Detailed Description" for further details), participants are debriefed on the real goals of this study and reimbursed any incurred losses while gambling. They are then be asked to answer another series of questionnaires.
Status | Recruiting |
Enrollment | 80 |
Est. completion date | September 2024 |
Est. primary completion date | September 2024 |
Accepts healthy volunteers | Accepts Healthy Volunteers |
Gender | All |
Age group | 18 Years and older |
Eligibility | Inclusion Criteria: - At least 18 years old (legal age to gamble in Quebec, Canada, where the study is conducted) - Functional literacy in french (study is conducted in french and requires reading and understanding simple texts) - Having played EGMs and least once every two weeks for the past 12 months Exclusion Criteria: - Classified as a probable pathological gambler (score = 8 on the PGSI) - Currently receiving treatment for problem gambling - Currently under self-exclusion from gambling venues |
Country | Name | City | State |
---|---|---|---|
Canada | Centre québécois d'excellence pour la prévention et le traitement du jeu | Québec |
Lead Sponsor | Collaborator |
---|---|
Benjamin Galipeau | Fonds de recherche du Québec - Société et culture, Fonds pour la prévention et le traitement du jeu |
Canada,
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* Note: There are 22 references in all — Click here to view all references
Type | Measure | Description | Time frame | Safety issue |
---|---|---|---|---|
Other | Prevention pop-up messages recall - Free recall (Y/N) | Participant is asked if they saw any prevention pop-up messages during their gambling session in the laboratory. This is a Yes/No question. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Other | Prevention pop-up messages recall - Free recall (number) | If participant declared they saw prevention pop-up messages during their gambling session in the laboratory, they are asked how many there were. The same message presented twice count as "2". | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Other | Prevention pop-up messages recall - Free recall (content) | If participant declared they saw prevention pop-up messages during their gambling session in the laboratory, they are asked to freely describe them (i.e. content, graphical appearance, etc.). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Other | Prevention pop-up messages recall - Cued recall (Y/N) | Participant is presented with a list of prevention pop-up messages that could have been shown during the study. For each of them, they are asked to identify if they saw it or no. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Other | Prevention pop-up messages recall - Cued recall (number) | If participant declared they saw prevention pop-up messages during their gambling session in the laboratory, they are asked how many there were. The same message presented twice count as "2". This is different from Outcome 39 because, participant might recognize a message they had forgotten about or a message they saw but didn't considered it a "prevention message". | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Gambling session's total duration | Time elapsed between the first time the participant puts money in the EGM (0h00) to the end of the gambling session. Session's duration is left for the participant to decide. While the participant is told they can play for as long as they like, there is a 2 hrs limit on the session duration. This limit is hidden from the participant. Session's duration includes any breaks taken from gambling on the EGM. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Total time effectively spent gambling | Same as Outcome 1 (Gambling session's total duration), but minus breaks taken from gambling on the EGM. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Number of breaks taken | Number of breaks taken from gambling on the EGM during the gambling session. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Mean breaks' duration | Average duration of breaks' taken from gambling on the EGM over the gambling session's total duration. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Total breaks duration | Sum of breaks' duration taken from gambling on the EGM over the gambling session's total duration. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Mean time elapsed between breaks | Average time separating any two breaks taken from gambling on the EGM over the gambling session's total duration. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Number of different games played | The EGM used in this study have multiple games available on it. This variable is defined as the number of different games played on the EGM over the gambling session's total duration. This is NOT the number of rounds played. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Money betted (physical) | Money physically inserted in the EGM during the gambling session. This is evaluated as a cumulative amount at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Money betted is also evaluated between said timepoints (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). | Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Money betted (all) | Money betted on the EGM during the gambling session. This is money used to "buy rounds on the EGM", whether it's money physically inserted in the EGM or money won while gambling and betted again.
This is evaluated as a cumulative amount at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Money betted is also evaluated between said timepoints (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). |
Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Number of bets placed | Number of bets placed on the EGM during the gambling session. This is evaluated as a cumulative number at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Number of bets placed are also evaluated between said (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). | Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Gambling speed | Number of bets placed on the EGM during the gambling session over a given amount of time (i.e. bets/min).
This is evaluated at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Gambling speed is also evaluated between said timepoints (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). |
Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Gambling intensity (physical) | Money physically inserted in the EGM during the gambling session over a given amount of time (i.e. $/min).
This is evaluated at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Gambling intensity is also evaluated between said (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). |
Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Gambling behaviour (between group) - Gambling intensity (all) | Money betted on the EGM during the gambling session over a given amount of time (i.e. $/min). This is money used to "buy rounds on the EGM", whether it's money physically inserted in the EGM or money won while gambling and betted again.
This is evaluated at each timepoint a prevention message is presented in the experimental group and at the timepoint where the participant decides to end their gambling session (max 2h00). Gambling intensity is also evaluated between said timepoints (e.g. between 1h10 and 0h40, between 0h40 and 1h10, etc.). |
Assessed at following timepoints from start of gambling session in the laboratory (Experiment phase; 0 hours 0 minutes): [1] +10 minutes; [2] +40 minutes; [3] +70 minutes; [4] +100 minutes; [5] end of gambling session (+2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Perceived self-control while gambling on EGMs (between group) | Participant's perceived ability to control their gambling behaviour (e.g. sticking to their predetermined limits) over the gambling session's total duration. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "I never had control" to 7 = "I always had control"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | General level of fun while gambling on EGMs (between group) | Participant's general enjoyment of gambling on EGMS over the gambling session's total duration. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "I hated it" to 7 = "I loved it"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Psychological reactance to prevention pop-up messages (between group) | Evaluated based on the Dillard & Shen (2005) method: (a) Induction check (4 items, 7-points Likert scale, 1 = "Strongly disagree, 7 - "Strongly agree"); (b) Anger (4 items, 7-points Likert scale, 1 = "Strongly disagree, 7 - "Strongly agree"); (c) Cognitive response (count of negative thoughts in relation to the pop-up messages); (d) Attitude (7 word pairs, 7-points semantic differential scale). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Perceived behavioural effectiveness of prevention pop-up messages (between group) | Participant's perceived effectiveness of prevention pop-up messages on modifying their gambling behaviour during the gambling session. Evaluated with two 7-points Likert scale about the perceived effects of the prevention po-up messages on money betted and time spent during the gambling session (1 = "lowered gambling behaviour a lot" to 7 = "heightened gambling behaviour a lot"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Change in gambling behaviours (within group) - Money betted (physical) | Money physically inserted in the EGM. Change is evaluated by comparing self-reported betting habits on EGMs for the past 12 months (measured during the pre-experiment phase) and objectively measured money physically inserted in the EGM during the over the laboratory gambling session's total duration (Outcome 8; measured during the experiment phase). | Change from Pre-experiment phase (i.e. "intake"; single measurement point; cover past 12 months) at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Change in gambling behaviours (within group) - Total time effectively spent gambling | Time elapsed between the first time the participant puts money in the EGM to the end of the gambling session.
Change is evaluated by comparing self-reported typical time spent gambling on EGMs for a single session for the past 12 months (measured during the pre-experiment phase) and objectively measured laboratory gambling session's total duration (Outcome 1; measured during the experiment phase). Note that, unbeknown to the participant, the laboratory gambling session is limited to 2 hrs max. |
Change from Pre-experiment phase (i.e. "intake"; single measurement point; cover past 12 months) at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Change in perceived self-control while gambling on EGMs (within group) | Participant's perceived ability to control their gambling behaviour on EGMs (e.g. sticking to their predetermined limits). Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "I never had control" to 7 = "I always had control").
Change is evaluated by comparing self-reported typical perceived self-control while gambling on EGMs for the past 12 months (measured during the pre-experiment phase) and self-reported perceived self-control while gambling on EGMs over the laboratory gambling session's total duration (Outcome 14; measured in the post-experiment phase). |
Change from Pre-experiment phase (i.e. "intake"; single measurement point; cover past 12 months) at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Primary | Change in general level of fun while gambling on EGMs (within group) | Participant's general enjoyment of gambling on EGMs. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "I hated it" to 7 = "I loved it").
Change is evaluated by comparing self-reported typical level of fun while gambling on EGMs for the past 12 months (measured during the pre-experiment phase) and self-reported level of fun while gambling on EGMs over the laboratory gambling session's total duration (Outcome 15; measured in the post-experiment phase). |
Change from Pre-experiment phase (i.e. "intake"; single measurement point; cover past 12 months) at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Gambling location type most resembling the session in the laboratory | Among a predetermined list of gambling location type (e.g. bar/restaurant, casino, etc.), participant choose which the gambling session in the laboratory resembled the most. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Session in the laboratory VS gambling on EGMs in a bar/restaurant | Level on resemblance between a gambling session on EGMs in a bar/restaurant and the gambling session in the laboratory. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "Almost 100 % different" to 7 = "Almost 100 % the same"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Similarities between session in the laboratory VS gambling on EGMs in a bar/restaurant | Things that were the same or very alike when comparing a gambling session on EGMs in a bar/restaurant and the gambling session in the laboratory. Participant lists all resemblances that come to their mind. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Differences between session in the laboratory VS gambling on EGMs in a bar/restaurant | Things that were not the same or very not alike when comparing a gambling session on EGMs in a bar/restaurant and the gambling session in the laboratory. Participant lists all differences that come to their mind. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - What could be done to heighten realism of the session in the laboratory | Things or aspects of the study that be changed in order for the gambling session in the laboratory to be more alike a real gambling session on EGMs in a bar/restaurant. Participant lists all that come to their mind. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Effect of using one own money on realism | Effect of gambling one own money in this study on the level of realism. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "It lessened the realism a lot" to 7 = " It heighten the realism a lot "). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived realism - Effect of using one own money on realism (free) | Effect of gambling one own money in this study on the level of realism. Participant freely explain their perception of said effect. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived correspondence between habitual gambling behaviour and gambling behaviour during the session in the laboratory | Participant's perception of how much their gambling behaviour during their gambling session in the laboratory was representative (i.e. how much it was the same) of their gambling behaviour on EGMs in the past 12 months. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "Almost 100 % different" to 7 = "Almost 100 % the same"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Perceived correspondence between habitual gambling behaviour and gambling behaviour during the session in the laboratory (free) | Participant's perception of how much their gambling behaviour during their gambling session in the laboratory was representative (i.e. how much it was the same) of their gambling behaviour on EGMs in the past 12 months. Participant freely explain their perception. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Protocol credibility | Participant's level of certitude they were betting their own money and that they could loose money for real during the study. Evaluated with a 7-points Likert scale (1 = "Almost 100 % certain they were going to get their money back at the end of the study" to 7 = "Almost 100 % certain winnings and losses were real"). | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Protocol credibility (free) | Participant comment freely on their level of certitude that they were betting their own money and that they could loose money for real during the study. | Assessed at the end gambling session in the laboratory (Post-experiment phase). Session's length is decided by participant (but limited to 2 hours maximum). | |
Secondary | Recruitment potential - Volunteers | Number of people that answered the recruitment ad and wanted to either participate or get more information on the study. | Assessed after recruitment for the study is ended (80 participants recruited) or 1 year after recruitment for the study has begun, whichever came first. | |
Secondary | Recruitment potential - Recruited | Number of people that qualified and agreed to participate in the study. | Assessed after recruitment for the study is ended (80 participants recruited) or 1 year after recruitment for the study has begun, whichever came first. | |
Secondary | Recruitment potential - Rejected | Number of people that volunteered to participate but didn't qualify according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. | Assessed after recruitment for the study is ended (80 participants recruited) or 1 year after recruitment for the study has begun, whichever came first. | |
Secondary | Recruitment potential - Refusal | Number of people that qualified for participation in the study but refused to do so after hearing the details of it. | Assessed after recruitment for the study is ended (80 participants recruited) or 1 year after recruitment for the study has begun, whichever came first. | |
Secondary | Attrition | Number of people that qualified and agreed to participate in the study but desisted during their participation. | Assessed after recruitment for the study is ended (80 participants recruited) or 1 year after recruitment for the study has begun, whichever came first. |
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