Exercise-induced Muscle Damage Clinical Trial
Official title:
Effect of Total Cold-Water Immersion Vs Ice Massage Modalities on Recovery After Exercise-induced Muscle Damage Among Adults
Evidence regarding the effect of the therapeutic modalities on muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) was lacking. Therefore, this study played a role in bridging this gap, where total cold-water immersion (TCWI) values return to baseline 72 h after the muscle damage protocol, regarding creatine kinase (CK) levels, power and strength, and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS).
Participants were recruited by means of convenience sampling. A message was sent via WhatsApp
for all the contact list of the investigators. This message included a brief explanation of
the study purpose, phone numbers of the three investigators and a request to forward this
message to the contact lists of the recipients.
At the beginning of the study, all participants' data were recorded, including their physical
characteristics and eligibility.
Eligible participants were given information sheets and signed consent forms. Afterward, they
were familiarized with the experimental procedure and given numbers in order to assure
blindness during the processes of allocating them into groups and assessing the outcomes.
Final participants included 60 eligible stratified into two blocks (30 males and 30 females).
Then a randomization website -website spreadsheet generator; http://www.randomization.com was
used to randomly allocate each into one of two intervention groups: 1) Total CWI (TCWI) or 2)
IM.
Baseline measurements of both groups (TCWI and IM) were taken and include one repetition
maximun (1-RM), (2) CMJ, (3) VAS, and (4) Serum CK tests. Testing was followed by a warm-up
session and then by muscle damage protocol. Thereafter, each of the interventions (TCWI or
IM) were performed and followed by post-exercise measurements at 2; 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Muscle damage protocol. Muscle damage was induced by 20 sets of 5 drop jumps each, with a
two-minute rest between sets. Participants were instructed to drop jump from a 60-cm box,
then perform a maximal bipodal CMJ, then land on the floor with knees flexed to at least 90°,
while keeping their hands on their knees to eliminate additional force by upper limbs. This
protocol produces a response similar to that obtained from high-intensity multi-joint
exercises (Vieira et al., 2016).
Total cold-water immersion. The best results of recovery from EIMD were provided by TCWI with
a water temperature between 11 and 15°C and an immersion time of 11 to 15 minutes according
to Lee et al. (2012) and Machado et al. (2016). For that reason, participants allocated to
the TCWI group completed a session of 15-minutes in cold water with temperature of 12°C.
Participants were seated while immersing their whole body in water except their head and
neck. The water's temperature was continuously measured by a mercury-in-glass thermometer and
was maintained at a temperature of 12°C by adding blocks of ice when needed.
With respect to depth, TCWI is more efficient than partial CWI since exposing a larger mass
of the body including the core is needed for cardiovascular changes to occur, since the major
heat exchange that leads to cooling occurs via conduction by surrounding water, so the higher
the level of water immersion is, the greater the surface area of the body in contact with
water will be, leading to better recovery effect (Murray and Cardinale, 2015; Stephens et
al., 2016).
Ice massage. The IM group was seated and subjected to a circular local massage by a cube of
ice for 15 minutes for each leg on the region of quadriceps muscles.
Data Analysis The results were analyzed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 21.0 for windows. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the
data distribution. A probability (p) value of >0.05 indicates that there is no significant
difference between groups.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compute the within-group differences of each
variable (muscle damage, strength, power, and DOMS) at different testing times (Baseline, 2h,
24h, 48h and 72h after exercise).
Factorial repeated measures ANOVA test was used to determine between-group difference between
TCWI and IM groups, of each variable (muscle damage, strength, power, and DOMS) at different
testing times (Baseline, 2h, 24h, 48h and 72h after exercise).
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