The Impact of Dietary Pattern on Erectile Function

Erectile Dysfunction Clinical Trial

— ERECTION  

Official title:

The Impact of a Plant-Based Diet Versus an Animal-Based Diet on Erectile Function in Healthy Men With Normal Erectile Function: The ERECTION Study

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04349059
• Other study ID #: 2019-10465
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: October 30, 2023
• Est. completion date: December 2024

Study information

• Verified date: October 2023
• Source: Montefiore Medical Center
• Contact: Robert Ostfeld, MD
• Phone: 718-920-5197
• Email: ROSTFELD[@]montefiore.org
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The goal of this study is to determine whether erectile function is impacted by dietary patterns in healthy men with normal erectile function.

Description:

Visit 1:

After reviewing and signing consent, subjects will be screened for the study. Screening will consist of the following:

• Complete International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaire.

• Record medical history, concomitant medications

• Measure height and weight, calculate BMI

• Vitals

• Draw blood for total testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

• Query subject regarding the presence of genital rash or lesions. Subjects will be asked, "do you have a rash or lesion on your penis or surrounding area?"

If the IIEF score is abnormal, subjects will be advised to contact their primary care provider.

Each subject will be contacted by phone with their blood results. If abnormal subject will be given the recommendation to contact his primary care provider.

If an abnormal finding is identified during screening, such as an abnormal STOP-bang score, subject will be given the recommendation to contact his primary care provider.

If the subject has no primary care provider, contact information for primary care will be given.

Subjects meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomized into the study, into either Sequence One or Sequence Two. Once enrolled, subjects will be asked to not modify their dietary habits throughout the duration of the study other than during the two evenings and two full days when food is provided (see below).

Sequence One:

Visit 2:

Subjects will return to the study center in the morning after having fasted (other than consuming water) since 11pm the night before. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be made. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

Subjects will be taught how to use the Rigiscan™ device. Subjects will receive one plant-based dinner (food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services.) Subjects will then leave the study center and they will consume their usual diet until 5pm. For the rest of the evening until 11pm they will consume only the dinner provided. Water will be the only beverage allowed after 5pm. Dinner should be consumed at 8:30pm EST. Subjects will text pictures of everything they consume (eat or drink) after 5pm to Dr. Ostfeld or to a study representative and s/he will have text or verbal contact with the subject at least once that evening. That night, subjects will do a Rigiscan™ assessment overnight at their home. The time the subject goes to bed and the time the subject wakes up for the day should be recorded. The subject agrees to be in bed with Rigiscan™ on (other than for emergency or needed trips to the bathroom) for at least seven hours.

Visit 3 Subjects will return to the study center the morning after the Rigiscan™ assessment and bring the Rigiscan™ device with them. They will have been fasting other than drinking water since 11pm the night before. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be taken. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

Subjects will then receive one full day of plant-based meals (food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services.) Subjects will be encouraged to eat breakfast at the study center after the initial anthropomorphic measures are made, saliva is obtained, and blood is drawn. Subjects will text pictures of all they consume during that day to Dr. Ostfeld and/or to a study representative and s/he will have text or verbal contact with the subject at least twice during that day. Dinner should be consumed at 8:30pm, EST. Subjects will fast other than water after 11pm. That night, subjects will do a Rigiscan™ assessment overnight at their home. Black coffee and/or tea is permitted only before noon. The time the subject goes to bed and the time the subject wakes up for the day should be recorded. The subject agrees to be in bed with Rigiscan™ on (other than for emergency or needed trips to the bathroom) for at least seven hours.

Visit 4 Subjects will return to the study center the morning after the Rigiscan™ assessment and bring the Rigiscan™ device with them. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be taken. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

There will then be a washout period for 8-12 days and subjects will be instructed to return to their usual dietary habits during this washout period. Number of days of the washout period will be recorded.

Visit 5 After the washout period, subjects will return to the study center in the morning after having fasted (other than consuming water) since 11pm the night before. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be taken. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

Subjects will receive one animal-based dinner (food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services.) Subjects will then leave the study center and they will consume their usual diet until 5pm. For the rest of the evening until 11pm they will consume only the dinner provided. Water will be the only beverage consumed after 5pm. Dinner should be consumed at 8:30pm, EST. Subjects will text pictures of all they consume (eat or drink) after 5pm to Dr. Ostfeld or to a study representative and s/he will have text or verbal contact with the subject at least once that evening. Subjects will fast other than water after 11pm. That night, subjects will do a Rigiscan™ assessment overnight at their home. The time the subject goes to bed and the time the subject wakes up for the day should be recorded. The subject agrees to be in bed with Rigiscan™ on (other than for emergency or needed trips to the bathroom) for at least seven hours.

Visit 6 Subjects will return to the study center the morning after the Rigiscan™ assessment and bring the Rigiscan™ device with them. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be taken. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

Subjects will then receive one full day of animal-based meals (food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services.) Subjects will be encouraged to eat breakfast at the study center after the initial anthropomorphic measures are made, saliva is obtained, and blood is drawn. Subjects will text pictures of all they consume during that day to Dr. Ostfeld and/or to a study representative and s/he will have text or verbal contact with the subject at least twice during that day. Dinner should be consumed at 8:30pm, EST. Subjects will fast other than water after 11pm. That night, subjects will do a Rigiscan™ assessment overnight at their home. Black coffee and/or tea is permitted only before noon. The time the subject goes to bed and the time the subject wakes up for the day should be recorded. The subject agrees to be in bed with Rigiscan™ on (other than for emergency or needed trips to the bathroom) for at least seven hours.

Visit 7 (End of Study) Subjects will return to the study center the morning after the Rigiscan™ assessment and bring the Rigiscan™ device with them. They will have been asked to not brush their teeth or use mouthwash and/or other breath fresheners that morning. Anthropomorphic and blood pressure and heart rate recordings will be taken. Saliva will be stored for NO measurement. Blood will be drawn and stored. Urine will be collected and stored.

Sequence Two:

Sequence Two is identical to Sequence One, except that the order of the plant-based and animal-based meals is reversed.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 46
• Est. completion date: December 2024
• Est. primary completion date: December 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Male
• Age group: 18 Years to 35 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Subject provides written informed consent and HIPAA authorization in English before any study procedures are conducted.

• Subject is taking no medical therapy other than: prn MDIs, medication(s) for anxiety, depression, and/or ADHD (these medications include, but are not limited to, SSRIs, SNRIs, Stimulants), no change in supplements if applicable.

The anxiety, depression, and/or ADHD will have been controlled (per report of subject) for the last 6 months.

• IIEF score greater or equal to 22

• Subject will have had penile-sexual intercourse (either vaginal or anal penetration) within 12 weeks of enrollment.

• Male aged 18-35 years old

• Lives within commuting distance of Montefiore Health System

• Subject's significant other (if applicable) agrees to support the subject during the study

• Subject agrees to photograph and share all items consumed/drunk during the dietary intervention

• Subject agrees to avoid all illicit drugs, NSAIDS, and alcohol for at least two days prior to Rigiscan™ recording and on the days and nights of Rigiscan™ recording

• Subject agrees to refrain from sexual activity for at least 24 hours prior to Rigiscan™ placement and to have no sexual activity on the days and nights of Rigiscan™ recording.

• Subject agrees to not view, read, or otherwise consume erotic or pornographic material for 24 hours prior to both the days and nights of Rigiscan™ recording and on the days and nights of Rigiscan™ recording.

• Subject agrees to not have an orgasm for 24 hours prior to both the days and nights of RigiscanTM recording and on the days and nights of Rigiscan™ recording.

• Subject agrees to come to Montefiore to undergo Rigiscan™ training

• Subject agrees to only consume/drink permitted food/beverages.

• Subject agrees to attend all in person visits at Montefiore, to begin fasting at 11pm the night before each visit, and to undergo all blood draws/salivary/other testing.

• Subject agrees to not use mouthwash or mouth rinses or intentionally spit for the entire duration of the study. Subjects will be asked to refrain from using mouthwash for at least 2 days prior to enrollment. Subject agrees to not brush his teeth in the morning of the day of each study visit. Tooth brushing is otherwise permissible.

• BMI <30, BMI >=18.5, weight >110 lbs.

• Subject agrees to comply with the study procedures and visits.

• Subject exercises for at least 15 minutes at least two times per week

• If exercise is done, subjects will exercise for the same amount of time and at a similar intensity each day of Rigiscan™ testing. Otherwise, no exercise will be performed on Rigiscan™ days.

• If enrolled, subjects agree to not modify their dietary habits throughout the duration of the study other than during the two evenings and two full days when food is provided.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Relevant dietary allergy

• Vegetarian or Vegan dietary pattern

• History of an eating disorder and/or food addiction

• Hypertension and or history of hypertension with or without medical treatment. Systolic blood pressure > 150mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure >100mmHg on Visit one. Heart rate >99 on Visit one. Systolic blood pressure < 85mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure < 50mmHg on Visit one. Heart rate < 35 on Visit one.

• BMI >=30, BMI <18.5, or weight <= 110lbs

• Known chronic medical disease other than non-inflammatory musculoskeletal disease, asthma, anxiety, depression, and/or ADHD.

Subjects who have had changes in the dosage or type of their medication(s) for anxiety, depression, and/or ADHD within 3 months of enrollment.

Subjects who have scheduled or planned medication and/or medication dose changes during the study period. These medication changes include the initiation of a new medication, discontinuation of a medication, modification of medication dose, and/or the route of administration of a medication.

Subjects who are taking benzodiazepines and/or beta blockers

• History of kidney disease or hyperkalemia

• Subject has received an investigational drug within 30 days prior to signing consent

• Erectile dysfunction

• Has any condition (e.g., psychiatric illness) or situation that, in the investigator's opinion, may confound the study results, or may interfere significantly with the patient's ability to adhere with study procedures

• Currently undergoing treatment for Peyronie's Disease

• Abnormal Testosterone or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone level

• Treated hypogonadism or hypothyroidism

• Planned travel during the study

• The subject is trans-gender

• History of substance abuse in the last 12 months

• Illicit drug use, smoking, or vaping within 4 weeks

• Upper respiratory illness within two weeks on screening

• If profession requires being on call, no overnight or on call duties during the study

• Subject reports any communicable skin or venereal disease

• Subject reports rash or lesion on the penis or surrounding area.

• STOP-Bang score > 2

• Having the diagnosis of Restless Leg Syndrome.

• Having insomnia as defined by: Subject with insomnia would have difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep (30 minutes or more at sleep initiation or 30 minutes or more to fall back asleep if wakes during the night). The above occurs at least 3 times per week for at least 1 month. Furthermore, there must be adequate opportunity for sleep and there must be associated morbidity (feels tired during the day). Definition based on: The International Classification of Sleep Disorders - Third Edition (ICSD-3), 2014.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Erectile Dysfunction

Intervention

Other:
• Animal based diet
Food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services
• Plant based diet
Food will be provided by Montefiore-Einstein Food Services

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Montefiore Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology	Bronx	New York

Sponsors (3)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Montefiore Medical Center	The Greenbaum Foundation, The Purjes Foundation

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Heart rate	Comparing heart rate by dietary pattern at both time points (after overnight sleep after consuming the 1 meal and after overnight sleep after consuming the 4 meals) and compared to its respective baseline in beats/minute. Definition: In regard to the following anthropometric, vital sign, and laboratory data (blood, urine, and saliva) pre-specified outcomes included in this pre-specified outcomes section, at "both time points" is defined as in the sentence above and "respective baseline" refers to either visit 2 or visit 5, as visit 2 is the baseline for one dietary arm (plant or animal) and visit 5 is the baseline for the other dietary arm (plant or animal).	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Blood Pressure	Comparing blood pressure by dietary pattern at both time points and compared to its respective baseline in mmHg	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Weight	Comparing weight by dietary pattern at both time points and compared to its respective baseline	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Fibrinogen	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	D-dimer	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in ng/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Total cholesterol	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	HDL cholesterol	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	HDL efflux capacity	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline.	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	LDL cholesterol	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Triglyceride	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Oxidized LDL cholesterol	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in U/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Free Fatty Acids	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in micromoles	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Myeloperoxidase	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in ug/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Factor VII	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in percentage.	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	lysolecithin	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Apolipoprotein B	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Omega 3 index	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in percentage of erythrocyte fatty acid	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp PLA2) activity	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in nmol/min/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Lipoprotein (a)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in nmol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Homocysteine	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	methylmalonic acid (MMA)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Total testosterone	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Sex Hormone Binding Globulin	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in nmol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	cystatin C	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	remnant cholesterol particles	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	uric acid	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	interleukin 1	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in pg/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	interleukin 6	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in pg/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	hsCRP	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Carbon Dioxide (CO2)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mmol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	creatinine	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	glucose	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	serum chloride	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in meq/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	serum potassium	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in meq/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	serum sodium	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in meq/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in units/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in units/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mL/min/1.73m2	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	vitamin c	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/dL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	reduced glutathione	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	superoxide dismutase	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in ng/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	vitamin e	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	selenium	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in ng/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	malondialdehyde	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	non coding RNA	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in copies/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	micro RNA	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in copies/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Lnc RNA	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in copies/mL	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in umol/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	phenylacetylglutamine (PAG)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in uM (micrometers)	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Comparing urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in mg/g	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Comparing salivary nitrite level as a correlate of plasma nitric oxide (NO) level	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in micromoles/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Comparing salivary nitrate level in as a correlate of plasma nitric oxide (NO) level	Comparing it at both time points by dietary pattern and compared to its respective baseline in micromoles/L	Time zero (Visit 2, ~1-21 days after screen), at ~24 hours after time zero (Visit 3), at ~48 hours after time zero (Visit 4), after 8-12 day washout (Visit 5), at ~24 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 6), at ~48 hours after 8-12 day washout (Visit 7)
Other	Percent of time =50% erect during overnight sleep after 4 meals.	Total time (in minutes) when penile rigidity is =50% at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals.
Other	Percent of time =50% erect during overnight sleep after 1 meal.	Total time (in minutes) when penile rigidity is =50% at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal.
Other	Erection events per hour during overnight sleep after 1 meal.	Total number of erection events lasting =5 minutes and with =70% rigidity at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™). This result will be reported as Events/hour.	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal.
Other	Tumescence events per hour during overnight sleep after 1 meal.	Total number of tumescence events lasting =5 minutes and when penile circumference increases by =2cm at both the tip and the base of the penis compared to their respective baselines as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™). This result will be reported as Tumescence events/hour.	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal.
Other	Percent of time =70% erect during overnight sleep after 4 meals versus after 1 meal by dietary pattern.	This outcome will evaluate whether a difference is present in the percent of time =70% erect during overnight sleep (as defined in outcomes above) directly after consuming the 4 meals versus directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern. (e.g. is there a greater percentage of time =70% erect on the second night versus the first night when consuming the plant-based diet?).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals versus overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern.
Other	Percent of time =50% erect during overnight sleep after 4 meals versus after 1 meal by dietary pattern.	This outcome will evaluate whether a difference is present in the percent of time =50% erect during overnight sleep (as defined in outcomes above) directly after consuming the 4 meals versus directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern. (e.g. is there a greater percentage of time =50% erect on the second night versus the first night when consuming the plant-based diet?).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals versus overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern.
Other	Tumescence events per hour during overnight sleep after 4 meals versus after 1 meal by dietary pattern.	This outcome will evaluate whether a difference is present in the total number of tumescence events per hour (as defined in outcomes above) directly after consuming the 4 meals versus directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern. (e.g. is there a greater of tumescence events per hour on the second night versus the first night when consuming the plant-based diet?).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals versus overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal by dietary pattern, for each dietary pattern.
Primary	Percent of time =70% erect during overnight sleep after 4 meals.	Total time (in minutes) when penile rigidity is = 70% at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals.
Secondary	Percent of time =70% erect during overnight sleep after 1 meal.	Total time (in minutes) when penile rigidity is =70% at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™).	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 1 meal.
Secondary	Erection events per hour during overnight sleep after 4 meals.	Total number of erection events lasting =5 minutes and with =70% rigidity at both the tip and the base of the penis as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™). This result will be reported as Events/hour.	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals.
Secondary	Tumescence events per hour during overnight sleep after 4 meals.	Total number of tumescence events lasting =5 minutes and when penile circumference increases by =2cm at both the tip and the base of the penis compared to their respective baselines as measured by Rigiscan™ during overnight sleep, divided by the total time (in minutes) of overnight sleep. Overnight sleep is defined as the time in minutes from the onset of the first nocturnal erection to the end of the last nocturnal erection (as measured by Rigiscan™). This result will be reported as Tumescence events/hour	During overnight sleep directly after consuming the 4 meals.