Relaxation Exercise With Virtual Reality Glasses and Episiotomy-induces Perineal Pain and Fear

Episiotomy Wound Clinical Trial

Official title:

The Effect of Relaxation Exercise Applied With Virtual Reality Glasses on Episiotomy-induced Perineal Pain Score and Fear: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Study

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05955716
• Other study ID #: 2022-660
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: April 5, 2022
• Est. completion date: May 20, 2023

Study information

• Verified date: July 2023
• Source: Izmir Bakircay University
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The aim of this clinical study is to compare the pain and fear scores of women who gave birth for the first time and who did and did not do relaxation exercises with virtual reality glasses during episiotomy incision and episiotomy repair.

This research seeks answers to the following questions:

Question 1: Does doing relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduce the pain score experienced during episiotomy incision? Question 2: Does relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduce the pain score experienced during episiotomy repair? Question 3: Does doing relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduce the fear score experienced during episiotomy incision? Question 4: Does doing relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduce the fear score experienced during episiotomy repair? A group of participants will be given a relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses during the episiotomy incision and episiotomy repair. Women in the comparison group will not undergo any intervention during episiotomy incision and repair.

Description:

This research is a single-blind, randomized controlled experimental study with pre-post and control groups. The population of the study consisted of pregnant women who applied to the Delivery Room in İzmir Bakırçay University Çiğli Training and Research Hospital Travay Birth Postpartum Service. The data pool could not be created because the sample was composed of women who applied for childbirth. In this randomized controlled trial, block randomization was applied. Because when simple randomization is applied, there may be a large difference between the numbers of subjects in the two groups when the study is completed. As the difference between the number of pregnant women in the virtual reality glasses and control groups grows, the reliability of the statistical analysis will decrease. Simple randomization is not recommended in cases where the sample size is less than 200. Although it was planned to take 38 experimental and 38 control group samples that met the inclusion criteria, the block randomization was carried out on 100 people, taking into account the exclusion criteria from the sample.

The randomization of the sample was made using the "random number generation program (Research Randomizer)". Intervention and control groups were formed by performing the randomization process by an impartial researcher who was not involved in the research. While it was known by the researchers in which group the pregnant women were, unilateral blindness was provided by not informing the pregnant women about the groups they were in. Since it is recommended in the literature that each step of randomized controlled trials should be performed according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), this study was also conducted according to CONSORT. The type 1 error level of the study was determined as 5% (p=o.o5), the type II error level was 0.20 (80% power) and the effect size was 0.3 (moderate). Data were collected between December 2022 and May 2023. Data collection takes an average of 15 minutes.

Virtual Reality Glasses Group:

Pregnant women in the virtual reality glasses group who agreed to participate in the study and watch a relaxation video with virtual reality glasses were expected to answer the questions in the socio-demographic and obstetric information form during the latent phase of labor. Afterwards, they were asked about how many points of pain and fear they would experience on the VAS during the episiotomy incision and repair, on a scale of 0-10. After this form was answered, a relaxation video was watched with virtual reality glasses during the episiotomy incision and repair. After these procedures, as soon as the episiotomy incision and episiotomy repair were completed, virtual reality glasses were removed and the score of pain and fear they experienced was asked. They were asked to rate the pain and fear they experienced, giving a score between 0-10.

Control Group:

Pregnant women who agreed to participate in the study and who would be in the control group were expected to answer the questions in the socio-demographic and obstetric information form during the latent phase of labor. Afterwards, they were asked to score an estimated 0-10 score for pain and fear levels with VAS during episiotomy incision and repair. After this form was answered, no intervention was made during the episiotomy incision and repair, except routine practice. After these procedures, as soon as the episiotomy incision and episiotomy repair were completed, they were asked about the score of pain and fear they experienced. They were asked to rate the pain and fear they experienced, giving a score between 0-10.

Hypotheses:

1. H0-Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses does not affect the perineal pain score experienced while performing the episiotomy incision.

H1- Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses reduces the perineal pain score experienced while performing the episiotomy incision.

2. H0-Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses does not affect the perineal pain score experienced during episiotomy suturing.

H1- Relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduces the perineal pain score experienced during episiotomy suturing.

3. H0-Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses does not affect the fear score experienced while performing the episiotomy incision.

H1- Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses reduces the fear score experienced while applying the episiotomy incision.

4. H0- Relaxation exercise performed with virtual reality glasses does not affect the fear score experienced during episiotomy suturing.

H1- Relaxation exercise with virtual reality glasses reduces the fear score experienced during episiotomy suturing.

Data collection tool(s):

• Socio-demographic and Obstetric Information Form This form; age, education level, income level, marital status, body mass index, employment status, occupation, social security, place of residence, cohabitant, obstetric characteristics (pregnancy, birth, abortion, number of curettage), smoking and alcohol use, hospitalization In the application, there are questions about cervical dilatation and effacement level, previous delivery method, episiotomy application status. This form was applied to the women who will be included in the experimental and control groups during the latent phase of labor.

• Visual Analog Scale Pain Form The Visual Analog Scale is a scale developed by Price et al. in 1983 and is also used in the evaluation of episiotomy pain. VAS is 10 cm long. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points can be obtained from this scale. A score of zero indicates no pain, and a score of 10 indicates the pain felt at the highest level. The higher the score, the higher the level of pain.

• Visual Analog Scale Fear Form (VAS-FF) The visual analog scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool to measure other subjective emotions such as mood, in addition to pain. Fear of having an episiotomy is one of these mood changes. VAS is 10 cm long. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points can be obtained from this scale. She was asked to rate the score of fear experienced during episiotomy incision and repair between 0 and 10 points. A score of 0 indicates no fear, and a score of 10 indicates the highest level of fear. The higher the score, the higher the level of fear experienced.

Statistical method(s) to be used:

Data analysis will be done with SPSS 26 package program. In the evaluation of data; mean, standard deviation and percentage values will be calculated. In order to evaluate the homogeneity of the data according to the groups, the Skewness-Curtosis values will be examined and the tests to be used in the analysis will be decided. A probability value of p<0.05 will be considered statistically significant.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 76
• Est. completion date: May 20, 2023
• Est. primary completion date: May 20, 2023
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion criteria for the study:

• Turkish literacy

• Being 18 years or older

• First vaginal delivery

• Unattended vaginal delivery

• Not having a chronic disease

• Not having any complications during pregnancy

• Not using anesthetic drugs during labor

• Agreeing to practice relaxation with virtual reality glasses during the episiotomy incision and suture

Exclusion criteria from the study:

• Inability to read and write Turkish

• Incomplete answers to survey and scale questions

• Anesthesia at any stage of birth

• Deciding to have a cesarean delivery from vaginal delivery

• Opting out of participating in the research at any time of the research

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Episiotomy Wound

Intervention

Device:
• Virtual reality glasses
Virtual reality glasses are a device suitable for every mobile phone. It is used to watch the 360 degree video selected from the Youtube program.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Turkey	Özlem Çiçek	Izmir

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Özlem Çiçek	Izmir Bakircay University

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Turkey, 

References & Publications (11)

ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 154: Operative Vaginal Delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):e56-e65. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001147. No abstract available. — View Citation

Ahmadpour N, Randall H, Choksi H, Gao A, Vaughan C, Poronnik P. Virtual Reality interventions for acute and chronic pain management. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2019 Sep;114:105568. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105568. Epub 2019 Jul 12. — View Citation

Czech O, Wrzeciono A, Rutkowska A, Guzik A, Kiper P, Rutkowski S. Virtual Reality Interventions for Needle-Related Procedural Pain, Fear and Anxiety-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2021 Jul 23;10(15):3248. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153248. — View Citation

JahaniShoorab N, Ebrahimzadeh Zagami S, Nahvi A, Mazluom SR, Golmakani N, Talebi M, Pabarja F. The Effect of Virtual Reality on Pain in Primiparity Women during Episiotomy Repair: A Randomize Clinical Trial. Iran J Med Sci. 2015 May;40(3):219-24. — View Citation

Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Feb 8;2(2):CD000081. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000081.pub3. — View Citation

Kang M, Ragan BG, Park JH. Issues in outcomes research: an overview of randomization techniques for clinical trials. J Athl Train. 2008 Apr-Jun;43(2):215-21. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.215. — View Citation

Kartal B, Kizilirmak A, Calpbinici P, Demir G. Retrospective analysis of episiotomy prevalence. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 2017 Dec 15;18(4):190-194. doi: 10.4274/jtgga.2016.0238. — View Citation

Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gotzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, Elbourne D, Egger M, Altman DG. CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010 Mar 23;340:c869. doi: 10.1136/bmj. — View Citation

Priddis H, Dahlen HG, Schmied V, Sneddon A, Kettle C, Brown C, Thornton C. Risk of recurrence, subsequent mode of birth and morbidity for women who experienced severe perineal trauma in a first birth in New South Wales between 2000-2008: a population base — View Citation

Solt Kirca A, Korkut Oksuz S, Murat N. The effect of cold application on episiotomy pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Nurs. 2022 Mar;31(5-6):559-568. doi: 10.1111/jocn.15912. Epub 2021 Jun 13. — View Citation

Zibanejad S, Miraj S, Rafieian Kopaei M. Healing effect of Quercus persica and Lawsonia inermis ointment on episiotomy wounds in primiparous women. J Res Med Sci. 2020 Feb 20;25:11. doi: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_251_18. eCollection 2020. — View Citation

* Note: There are 11 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Score of pain experienced during episiotomy incision	She evaluated the pain experienced during the episiotomy incision with the help of a visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in the scores indicates an increase in the level of pain.	Immediately after episiotomy incision
Primary	Score of pain experienced during episiotomy repair	She evaluated the pain experienced during the episiotomy repair with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum score of 0 and a maximum score of 10 are taken from this scale, and an increase in scores indicates an increase in the level of pain.	Immediately after episiotomy repair
Primary	Score of fear experienced during episiotomy incision	She evaluated the fear experienced during the episiotomy incision with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in score indicates an increase in the level of fear.	Immediately after episiotomy incision
Primary	Score of fear experienced during episiotomy repair	She evaluated the fear experienced during the episiotomy repair with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in score indicates an increase in the level of fear.	Immediately after episiotomy repair
Secondary	Estimated score of pain experienced during episiotomy incision	She was asked to estimate how many points of pain he would have experienced during the episiotomy incision. She was asked to answer this question with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in the score indicates that she predicts that the pain she will experience will also be high.	Latent phase of birth
Secondary	Estimated score of pain experienced during episiotomy repair	She was asked to estimate how many points of pain he would have experienced during the episiotomy repair. She was asked to answer this question with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in the score indicates that she predicts that the pain she will experience will also be high.	Latent phase of birth
Secondary	Estimated score of fear experienced during episiotomy incision	She was asked to estimate how many points of fear she would have experienced during the episiotomy incision. She was asked to answer this question with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in the score indicates that she predicts that the fear she will experience will also be high.	Latent phase of birth
Secondary	Estimated score of fear experienced during episiotomy repair	She was asked to estimate how many points of fear she would have experienced during the episiotomy repair. She was asked to answer this question with the help of visual analog scale. A minimum of 0 and a maximum of 10 points are taken from this scale, and an increase in the score indicates that she predicts that the fear she will experience will also be high.	Latent phase of birth