Brebner JA, Brebner EM, Ruddick-Bracken H Accident and emergency teleconsultation for primary care--a systematic review of technical feasibility, clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness and level of local management. J Telemed Telecare. 2006;12 Suppl 1:5-8. Review.
Chua R, Craig J, Wootton R, Patterson V Randomised controlled trial of telemedicine for new neurological outpatient referrals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001 Jul;71(1):63-6.
Cohen BH, Busis NA, Ciccarelli L Coding in the World of COVID-19: Non-Face-to-Face Evaluation and Management Care. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2020 Jun;26(3):785-798. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000874.
Dorsey ER, Topol EJ State of Telehealth. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jul 14;375(2):154-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1601705. Review.
Epstein RM Communication between primary care physicians and consultants. Arch Fam Med. 1995 May;4(5):403-9.
George BP, Kelly AG Rethinking Regional Neurologic Care in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Era. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Sep 1;77(9):1061-1062. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1956. Review.
Keesara S, Jonas A, Schulman K Covid-19 and Health Care's Digital Revolution. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):e82. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005835. Epub 2020 Apr 2.
Müller KI, Alstadhaug KB, Bekkelund SI A randomized trial of telemedicine efficacy and safety for nonacute headaches. Neurology. 2017 Jul 11;89(2):153-162. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004085. Epub 2017 Jun 14.
Rasmusson KA, Hartshorn JC A comparison of epilepsy patients in a traditional ambulatory clinic and a telemedicine clinic. Epilepsia. 2005 May;46(5):767-70.
Sejersten M, Sillesen M, Hansen PR, Nielsen SL, Nielsen H, Trautner S, Hampton D, Wagner GS, Clemmensen P Effect on treatment delay of prehospital teletransmission of 12-lead electrocardiogram to a cardiologist for immediate triage and direct referral of patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol. 2008 Apr 1;101(7):941-6. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.11.038. Epub 2008 Jan 25.
Tso JV, Farinpour R, Chui HC, Liu CY A Multidisciplinary Model of Dementia Care in an Underserved Retirement Community, Made Possible by Telemedicine. Front Neurol. 2016 Dec 23;7:225. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00225. eCollection 2016.
WHO A health telematics policy in support of WHO's Health-For-All strategy for global health development: report of the WHO group consultation on health telematics, 11-16 December, Geneva, 1997. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1998.).
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
