Clinical Study to Evaluate Cannabidiol Liver Enzyme Elevations and Drug Interactions

Drug Interaction Clinical Trial

Official title:

Clinical Study to Evaluate Cannabidiol Liver Enzyme Elevations and Drug Interactions

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT06192589
• Other study ID #: SCR-016
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: Phase 1
• Start date: February 8, 2024
• Est. completion date: September 2024

Study information

• Verified date: December 2023
• Source: Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• Contact: Trupti Indurkar
• Phone: 3475740355
• Email: trupti.indurkar[@]spauldingclinical.com
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Cannabidiol (CBD) is available as a prescription drug product for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex. At labeled doses up to 25 mg/kg/day, an increased risk of liver enzyme elevation and drug-induced liver injury has been observed. However, only limited evaluations of the risk of liver enzyme elevation of daily, lower dose CBD use are available. The potential for liver enzyme elevations with lower CBD doses with unapproved consumer products highlights a need for further research. In addition, CBD has the capacity to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases, leading to potential drug-drug interactions with multiple common medications. The clinical significance of many of these interactions is also unclear. Furthermore, nonclinical studies have suggested the potential for CBD to cause reproductive and endocrine effects. As such, additional high-quality clinical pharmacology studies are needed to further characterize CBD's safety profile.

The objective of this study is to characterize the effects of daily CBD use at a dose within the range of what consumers are taking as unapproved CBD products on liver enzyme elevations, drug interactions, and endocrine measures.

Description:

The cannabis plant contains bioactive compounds known as cannabinoids; delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most prevalent cannabinoids in most varieties of cannabis. The Agricultural Improvement Act (Farm Bill) of 2018 removed hemp, defined as cannabis and derivatives of cannabis with extremely low concentrations of THC, from the definition of marijuana in the Controlled Substances Act. Following this, many CBD products have been made available to consumers. However, hemp products remain subject to regulation under the Federal Food Drug & Cosmetic Act, when applicable (e.g., as drugs, foods, dietary supplements, cosmetics, veterinary products) and the growing CBD products market raises various safety concerns, especially with long-term use.

CBD is available as a prescription drug product for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex. At labeled doses up to 25 mg/kg/day, an increased risk of liver enzyme elevation and drug-induced liver injury has been observed. However, only limited evaluations of the risk of liver enzyme elevation of daily, lower dose CBD use are available. The potential for liver enzyme elevations with CBD doses in unapproved consumer products highlights a need for further research to quantify risks at these doses. In addition, CBD has the capacity to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases, leading to potential drug-drug interactions with multiple common medications. The clinical significance of many of these interactions is also unclear. Furthermore, nonclinical studies have suggested the potential for CBD to cause reproductive and endocrine effects. As such, additional high-quality clinical pharmacology studies are needed to further characterize CBD's safety profile.

This study will be divided into two parts.

In Part 1, 200 healthy subjects will be randomized to 5 mg/kg/day of CBD (150 subjects) or placebo (50 subjects) for 4 weeks with weekly laboratory assessments to characterize the percentage of participants with liver enzyme elevation (primary endpoint) or meeting withdrawal criteria for potential drug-induced liver injury (secondary endpoint). Additional secondary endpoints include the change from baseline after 4 weeks of daily CBD dosing for male reproductive (testosterone and inhibin B) and thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], triiodothyronine [T3] and thyroxine [T4]) as secondary endpoints. Exploratory endpoints include additional characterization of liver findings and other blood biomarkers.

In Part 2, 40 healthy subjects will receive either oral citalopram (20 subjects) or morphine (20 subjects) at baseline and then again after receiving CBD 5 mg/kg/day to characterize the effect of daily cannabidiol use on the plasma concentration of citalopram and morphine. Citalopram was selected because it is a common prescription medication for depression and anxiety that is metabolized by CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, which CBD inhibits. Morphine was selected because it is a common opioid analgesic that is metabolized by UGT2B7, which CBD inhibits.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 240
• Est. completion date: September 2024
• Est. primary completion date: September 2024
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 55 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Subject signs an institutional review board (IRB) approved written informed consent and privacy language as per national regulations (e.g., Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act authorization) before any study related procedures are performed.

2. Subject is a healthy, non-smoking man or woman, 18 to 55 years of age, inclusive, who weighs at least 50 kg (110 lbs) and has a body mass index of 18.5 to 33.0 kg/m2, inclusive, at Screening and check-in (Day -1).

3. Subject has normal medical history findings, clinical laboratory results, vital sign measurements, 12-lead ECG results, and physical examination findings at screening or, if abnormal, the abnormality is not considered clinically significant (as determined and documented by the investigator or designee).

4. Subject must have a negative test result for alcohol and illicit drugs at screening and check-in (Day -1).

5. Participants must agree to refrain from using any of the following for the duration of the study: alcohol, nicotine containing products, marijuana or marijuana-derived products, hemp or hemp-derived products, including CBD (except for provided study drug), and illicit drugs of any kind.

6. Subject must test negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by a rapid antigen test at check-in for all study periods. If a subject's test comes back as invalid, the test can be repeated.

7. Female subjects must be of non-childbearing potential (non-childbearing potential includes post-menopausal females defined as spontaneous amenorrhea for at least 12 months with FSH in the post-menopausal range and females who have undergone a hysterectomy) or, if they are of childbearing potential, they must: 1) have negative serum HCG at screening and check-in 2) have been strictly abstinent for 1 month before check-in (Day -1) and agree to remain strictly abstinent for the duration of the study and for at least 1 month after the last application of study drug; OR 3) be practicing 2 highly effective methods of birth control (as determined by the investigator or designee; one of the methods must be a barrier technique) from Screening until at least 1 month after the end of the study.

8. Male subjects must agree to practice 2 highly effective methods of birth control (as determined by the investigator or designee) beginning at check-in (Day -1) until at least 3 months after the last dose of study drug. Male subjects may not donate sperm for 90 days after the end of the study.

9. Subject agrees to and is highly likely (as determined by the investigator) to comply with the protocol defined procedures and to complete the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Abnormal liver labs at screening on check-in (Day -1), defined as any of the following (tests may be repeated once for confirmation at screening and check-in):

1. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) > 1.5 × ULN. (The ULN for ALT will be 33 U/L for males and 25 U/L for females.)

2. Total bilirubin (TBL) > ULN.

3. International normalized ratio (INR) > 1.3

2. Use or intend to use any medications/products in the 14 days prior to check-in (Day -1), unless deemed acceptable by the investigator

3. Subject is currently participating in another clinical study of an investigational drug or has been treated with any investigational drug within 30 days or 5 half-lives (whichever is longer) of dosing for this study.

4. Subject has used nicotine-containing products (e.g., cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, snuff, electronic cigarettes) within 6 weeks of Screening. Subjects must refrain from using these throughout the study.

5. Subject has consumed alcohol, xanthine-containing products (e.g., tea, coffee, chocolate, cola), caffeine, kava melatonin, St Johns Wart, grapefruit, or grapefruit juice within 24 hours of check-in. Subjects must refrain from ingesting these throughout the study.

6. Subject is unable to tolerate a controlled, quiet study conduct environment, including avoidance of music, television, movies, games, and activities that may cause excitement, emotional tension, or arousal during the prespecified time points (e.g., before and during CBD dosing).

7. Subject has a history of consuming more than 14 units of alcoholic beverages per week within 6 months before Screening, has a history of alcoholism or drug/chemical/substance abuse within 2 years before Screening (Note: 1 unit = 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine, or 1 ounce of spirits/hard liquor)

8. Subject has a positive test result for alcohol or drugs of misuse (amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, alcohol, opiates, phencyclidine, propoxyphene, and methadone) at Screening or Check-in (Day -1 [both Parts]; Day 10 [Part 2, morphine DDI]; Day 12 [Part 2, citalopram DDI]).

9. Subject has a positive test result for cannabinoids (THC) at screening or Day -1.

10. Subject has a history of opioid or narcotic misuse.

11. Subject has a history of suicidal ideation or previous suicide attempts

12. Subject has a history or evidence of a clinically significant disorder, condition, or disease (e.g., cancer, human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], hepatic or renal impairment) that, in the opinion of the investigator, would pose a risk to subject safety or interfere with the study evaluation, procedures, or completion.

13. Subject has any signs or symptoms that are consistent with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) per Center for Disease Control (CDC) recommendations at screening or check-in (Day -1). These include subjects with fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headache, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, congestion or runny nose, nausea or vomiting, or diarrhea may have COVID-19. In addition, the subject has any other findings suggestive of COVID-19 risk in the opinion of the investigator.

14. Subject has known or suspected allergies or sensitivities to the study drug or placebo components (e.g., sucralose, sesame).

15. Subjects with a documented hypersensitivity reaction to cannabidiol

16. Subjects with a documented medical history of clinical disorders related to mood, anxiety or panic, including diagnosed depression, generalized anxiety disorder or panic attacks.

17. Subject has any condition possibly affecting study drug absorption (e.g., gastrectomy, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome). Uncomplicated cholecystectomies and appendectomies may be included at the investigator's discretion.

18. Subject has clinical laboratory test results (hematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis) at Screening or Check-In that are outside the reference ranges provided by the clinical laboratory and considered clinically significant by the investigator. Tests may be repeated once for confirmation at both Screening and Check-In.

19. Subject has a positive test result at Screening for HIV 1 or 2 antibody, hepatitis C virus antibodies, or hepatitis B surface antigen.

20. Subject has a mean systolic blood pressure <85 or >145 mmHg or a mean diastolic blood pressure <45 or >95 mmHg at either Screening or Check-in. Blood pressure will be measured in triplicate after the subject has been resting in a supine position for a minimum of 5 minutes.

21. Subject is unable or unwilling to undergo multiple venipunctures for blood sample collection because of poor tolerability or is unlikely to complete the study due to poor venous access.

22. Female subject is currently pregnant or lactating or was within 3 months of the study.

23. Subject has had any significant blood loss, donated 1 unit (450 mL) of blood or more, or received a transfusion of any blood or blood products within 60 days, or donated plasma within 7 days before Check-in.

24. Subject has any other condition that precludes his or her participation in the study (as determined by the investigator).

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
• Drug Induced Liver Injury
• Drug Interaction

Intervention

Drug:
• Cannabidiol
Cannabidiol (Epidiolex) will be administered orally 2.5 mg/kg twice daily (5 mg/kg/day) for 28 days in Part 1 and for 9 days (morphine cohort) or 12 days (citalopram cohort) in Part 2.
• Placebo
Placebo will be administered orally twice daily for 28 days in Part 1
• Citalopram
Citalopram (Celexa) will be administered once at 20 mg on days 1 and 13.
• Morphine
Morphine will be administered once at 15 mg on days 1, 4, and 11.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Spaulding Clinical Research	West Bend	Wisconsin

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	Spaulding Clinical Research LLC

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (16)

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Science Board. (2022, June 3). Background materials for the June 14, 2022 meeting of the Science Board to the FDA. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-roster/science-board-fda/2022-meetings#event-materials.

11. Citalopram (Celexa ®) tablet label obtained from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/020822s041lbl.pdf

12. Morphine Sulfate tablet label obtained from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2021/022207s010lbl.pdf

2. Cannabidiol (Epidiolex ®) oral solution label obtained from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/210365lbl.pdf

5. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics Review. Retrieved from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2018/210365Orig1s000ClinPharmR.pdf

6. EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens), Turck, D, Bohn, T, Castenmiller, J, De Henauw, S, Hirsch-Ernst, KI, Maciuk, A, Mangelsdorf, I, McArdle, HJ, Naska, A, Pelaez, C, Pentieva, K, Siani, A, Thies, F, Tsabouri, S, Vinceti, M, Cubadda, F, Frenzel, T, Heinonen, M, Marchelli, R, Neuhäuser-Berthold, M, Poulsen, M, Prieto Maradona, M, Schlatter, JR, Trezza, V, van Loveren, H, Albert, O, Dumas, C, Germini, A, Gelbmann, W, Kass, G, Kouloura, E, Noriega Fernandez, E, Rossi, A and Knutsen, HK, 2022. Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties. EFSA Journal 2022; 20(6):7322, 25 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7322

Aithal GP, Watkins PB, Andrade RJ, Larrey D, Molokhia M, Takikawa H, Hunt CM, Wilke RA, Avigan M, Kaplowitz N, Bjornsson E, Daly AK. Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Jun;89(6):806-15. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2011.58. Epub 2011 May 4. — View Citation

Anderson LL, Doohan PT, Oldfield L, Kevin RC, Arnold JC, Berger M, Amminger GP, McGregor IS. Citalopram and Cannabidiol: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Relevant to the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders in Young People. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021 Sep-Oct 01;41(5):525-533. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001427. — View Citation

Armstrong SC, Cozza KL. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions of morphine, codeine, and their derivatives: theory and clinical reality, part I. Psychosomatics. 2003 Mar-Apr;44(2):167-71. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.44.2.167. — View Citation

Arnold JC, McCartney D, Suraev A, McGregor IS. The safety and efficacy of low oral doses of cannabidiol: An evaluation of the evidence. Clin Transl Sci. 2023 Jan;16(1):10-30. doi: 10.1111/cts.13425. Epub 2022 Oct 19. — View Citation

Carvalho RK, Andersen ML, Mazaro-Costa R. The effects of cannabidiol on male reproductive system: A literature review. J Appl Toxicol. 2020 Jan;40(1):132-150. doi: 10.1002/jat.3831. Epub 2019 Jul 17. — View Citation

Crippa JAS, Zuardi AW, Guimaraes FS, Campos AC, de Lima Osorio F, Loureiro SR, Dos Santos RG, Souza JDS, Ushirohira JM, Pacheco JC, Ferreira RR, Mancini Costa KC, Scomparin DS, Scarante FF, Pires-Dos-Santos I, Mechoulam R, Kapczinski F, Fonseca BAL, Esposito DLA, Pereira-Lima K, Sen S, Andraus MH, Hallak JEC; Burnout and Distress Prevention With Cannabidiol in Front-line Health Care Workers Dealing With COVID-19 (BONSAI) Trial Investigators. Efficacy and Safety of Cannabidiol Plus Standard Care vs Standard Care Alone for the Treatment of Emotional Exhaustion and Burnout Among Frontline Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2120603. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20603. — View Citation

Iannone LF, Arena G, Battaglia D, Bisulli F, Bonanni P, Boni A, Canevini MP, Cantalupo G, Cesaroni E, Contin M, Coppola A, Cordelli DM, Cricchiuti G, De Giorgis V, De Leva MF, De Rinaldis M, d'Orsi G, Elia M, Galimberti CA, Morano A, Granata T, Guerrini R, Lodi MAM, La Neve A, Marchese F, Masnada S, Michelucci R, Nosadini M, Pilolli N, Pruna D, Ragona F, Rosati A, Santucci M, Spalice A, Pietrafusa N, Striano P, Tartara E, Tassi L, Papa A, Zucca C, Russo E, Mecarelli O; CBD LICE Italy Study Group. Results From an Italian Expanded Access Program on Cannabidiol Treatment in Highly Refractory Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. Front Neurol. 2021 May 20;12:673135. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.673135. eCollection 2021. — View Citation

Lo LA, Christiansen A, Eadie L, Strickland JC, Kim DD, Boivin M, Barr AM, MacCallum CA. Cannabidiol-associated hepatotoxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intern Med. 2023 Jun;293(6):724-752. doi: 10.1111/joim.13627. Epub 2023 Mar 13. — View Citation

Sharbaf Shoar N, Fariba KA, Padhy RK. Citalopram. 2023 Nov 7. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482222/ — View Citation

Tallon MJ, Child R. Subchronic oral toxicity assessment of a cannabis extract. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2023 Oct;144:105496. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105496. Epub 2023 Sep 19. — View Citation

* Note: There are 16 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Part 1 - Percentage of participants with an alanine transaminase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) liver enzyme elevation greater than three times the upper limit of normal (> 3 × ULN).	The upper limit of normal (ULN), based on consensus criteria, for the liver transaminase ALT (Alanine transaminase) is defined as 33 U/L for males and 25 U/L for females. An ALT evaluation three times the ULN for males would be 99 U/L and 75 U/L for females.	Days 1 through 35
Primary	Part 2 - Comparison of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of citalopram when administered alone versus when co-administered with cannabidiol after 7 days of CBD dosing.	AUC will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis. 13 PK samples will be obtained with each citalopram dose for a total number of 26 PK samples per citalopram cohort participant.	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after each citalopram dose (Days 1 and 13)
Primary	Part 2 - Comparison of the maximum concentration (Cmax) of citalopram when administered alone versus when co-administered with CBD after 7 days of cannabidiol dosing.	Cmax will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis. 13 PK samples will be obtained with each citalopram dose for a total number of 26 PK samples per citalopram cohort participant.	0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours after each citalopram dose (Days 1 and 13)
Primary	Part 2 - Comparison of the morphine AUC when administered alone versus when co-administered with the first dose of cannabidiol and after 7 days of CBD dosing.	AUC will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)
Primary	Part 2 - Comparison of the morphine Cmax when administered alone versus when co-administered with the first dose of cannabidiol and after 7 days of cannabidiol dosing.	Cmax will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)
Secondary	Part 1 - Percentage of participants meeting withdrawal criteria for potential drug-induced liver injury (DILI).	Withdrawal criteria for potential drug-induced liver-injury: laboratory results meeting any of the following criteria.; ALT or AST > 3 x ULN (ULN for ALT is 33 U/L for males and 25 U/L for females) with the appearance of fatigue, nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant pain or tenderness, fever, rash, and/or eosinophilia (> 5%) OR; ALT elevation = 5 × ULN (ULN for ALT is 33 U/L for males and 25 U/L for females) OR; Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) elevation = 2 × ULN (with accompanying elevations of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in the absence of known bone pathology driving the rise in ALP level) OR; ALT elevation = 3 × ULN and bilirubin concentration > 2 × ULN	Days 1 through 35
Secondary	Part 1 - Change from baseline in total testosterone in male participants after cannabidiol administration compared to placebo.	Endocrine assessments for total testosterone will be obtained through blood samples.	Days 1 and 29
Secondary	Part 1 - Change from baseline in inhibin B in male participants after cannabidiol administration compared to placebo.	Endocrine assessments for inhibin B will be obtained through blood samples.	Days 1 and 29
Secondary	Part 1 - Change from baseline in thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) after cannabidiol administration compared to placebo.	Endocrine assessments for TSH will be obtained through blood samples.	Days 1 and 29
Secondary	Part 1 - Change from baseline in total T3 after cannabidiol administration compared to placebo.	Endocrine assessments for total T3 will be obtained through blood samples.	Days 1 and 29
Secondary	Part 1 - Change from baseline in free T4 after cannabidiol administration compared to placebo.	Endocrine assessments for free T4 will be obtained through blood samples.	Days 1 and 29
Secondary	Part 2 - Comparison of the AUC morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) when morphine is administered alone versus when co-administered with cannabidiol.	AUC will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)
Secondary	Part 2 - Comparison of the Cmax of M3G when morphine is administered alone versus when co-administered with cannabidiol.	Cmax will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)
Secondary	Part 2 - Comparison of the AUC morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) when morphine is administered alone versus when co-administered with cannabidiol.	AUC will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)
Secondary	Part 2 - Comparison of the Cmax of M6G when morphine is administered alone versus when co-administered with cannabidiol.	Cmax will be determined by collecting pharmacokinetic (PK) blood samples and calculated using noncompartmental analysis.13 PK samples will be obtained with each morphine dose for a total number of 39 PK samples per morphine cohort participant.	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after each morphine dose (Days 1, 4, and 11)