Homeless Female Offenders Returning to the Community

Drug Addiction Clinical Trial

— FEM-CARE  

Official title:

Homeless Female Offenders Returning to the Community: Improving Hopeful Futures

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02258425
• Other study ID #: 1R34DA035409
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: October 2, 2014
• Last updated: June 16, 2017
• Start date: January 2015
• Est. completion date: November 2016

Study information

• Verified date: June 2017
• Source: University of California, Los Angeles
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

In Phase I of this R34, the team from the University of California Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Irvine researchers plan to utilize the successful community participatory approaches to refine a gender-sensitive criminogenic needs -focused intervention program, Female Ex-Offender Mentoring in Care (FEM-CARE), with the help of a community advisory board, composed of homeless female offenders (HFOs) and addiction staff; and finalize strategies which will be validated by focus group sessions with the HFOs. In Phase 2, the research team will randomize 130 HFOs participating in one of two residential drug treatment programs to assess the impact of the FEM-CARE or a Health Promotion control program on reduction of drug and alcohol use and recidivism. This study is based upon our team's history of promoting theoretically-based, culturally sensitive nurse-led interventions that are enriched with criminal justice theoretical perspectives, and have resulted in significant reductions in drug and alcohol use among homeless persons, many of whom have had a history of incarceration.

Specifically, the study aims are:

AIM 1) Guided by a Community Advisory Board (CAB) made up of HFOs and addiction staff, further conceptualize our community-based program, Female Ex-Offender Mentoring in Care (FEM-CARE), to address the needs and risks of HFOs enrolled in RDT programs, and then refine the program in focus group discussions with 12 HFOs.

AIM 2) Conduct a pilot RCT to assess the impact of the FEM-CARE program for 65 HFOs at six-month follow-up compared with 65 HFOs receiving a control Health Promotion (HP) program, in terms of a) self-reported and/or objective measures of drug and alcohol use; and b) prevalence of recidivism and number of days to first reincarceration.

Hypothesis 2a: HFOs in the FEM-CARE program will have less drug and alcohol use at six months than HFOs in the HP control program.

Hypothesis 2b: FEM-CARE HFOs will have a lower prevalence of recidivism by six months and greater number of days to first reincarceration than HP control HFOs.

Description:

In the last decade, the numbers of incarcerated females has tripled, making women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. When compared to incarcerated males, female offenders have a higher rate of being sentenced for drug crimes; moreover, they are often injection drug users (IDUs), have sexual partners who are IDUs, and are often forced into the sex trade for survival. As many as 50% of female offenders report physical and/or sexual abuse; further, traumatic abuse, chronic emotional distress, and internalized stigma resulting from being a felon and a drug-user, have a profound effect on the women's self-esteem, leading to feelings of hopelessness and depression, delayed recovery and reintegration, increased risky behaviors, and health concerns. Not surprisingly, women who have been incarcerated are nearly twice as likely to experience mental illness compared with non-offending women; further, 44% recidivate within a year due to possession of a controlled substance. In particular, among homeless female offenders (HFOs), both parolees and probationers report ongoing challenges for successful re-entry. These include unstable housing, disorganized lives, unemployment, and limited access to health and social services. While the Los Angeles County Department of Probation has provided guidance for successful programs in its California Blueprint Master Plan for Female Offenders, the suggested strategies of enhancing empowerment, positive coping, and job skills, and providing peer-mentored approaches have not yet been implemented or evaluated. In Phase I of this R34, our team of University of California Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Irvine researchers plan to utilize our successful community participatory approaches to refine a gender-sensitive criminogenic needs -focused intervention program, Female Ex-Offender Mentoring in Care (FEM-CARE), with the help of a community advisory board, composed of HFOs and addiction staff; and finalize strategies which will be validated by focus group sessions with HFOs. In Phase 2, we will randomize 130 HFOs participating in one of two residential drug treatment programs to assess the impact of the FEM-CARE or a Health Promotion control program on reduction of drug and alcohol use and recidivism. This study is based upon our team's history of promoting theoretically-based, culturally sensitive nurse-led interventions that are enriched with criminal justice theoretical perspectives, and have resulted in significant reductions in drug and alcohol use among homeless persons, many of whom have had a history of incarceration. Our most recent successes in engaging male parolees in nurse-supported peer mentorship, our team's expertise in enhancing stigma reduction among vulnerable women, and our criminal justice experts have informed this study. Finally, recent formative research with HFOs has revealed a desire for peer role models to support and enhance knowledge of and access to healthcare, promote positive coping, stable housing, and job skills, and to reduce stigma and depressed mood; all of these factors can result in novel programs designed to prevent drug and alcohol use and reduce recidivism. This foundation and strong community support garnered has led to the design of our proposed intervention program.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 130
• Est. completion date: November 2016
• Est. primary completion date: November 2016
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Female
• Age group: 18 Years to 55 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• female parolees or probationers enrolled in a six-month program at one of two residential treatment (RDT) programs,

• convicted for a drug crime, and

• reported homeless on their RDT entry form

Exclusion Criteria:

• female parolees or probationers not currently enrolled in a six-month program at one of two residential treatment (RDT) programs,

• not recently convicted for a drug crime, and

• not reported homeless on their RDT entry form

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Drug Addiction
• Substance-Related Disorders

Intervention

Behavioral:
• FEM-CARE

• Health Promotion

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Amistad de Los Angeles	Los Angeles	California

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of California, Los Angeles

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (2)

Nyamathi AM, Salem BE, Hall E, Oleskowicz T, Ekstrand M, Yadav K, Toyama J, Turner S, Faucette M. Violent Crime in the Lives of Homeless Female Ex-Offenders. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2017 Feb;38(2):122-131. doi: 10.1080/01612840.2016.1253807. Epub 2017 Feb 2. — View Citation

Nyamathi AM, Srivastava N, Salem BE, Wall S, Kwon J, Ekstrand M, Hall E, Turner SF, Faucette M. Female Ex-Offender Perspectives on Drug Initiation, Relapse, and Desire to Remain Drug Free. J Forensic Nurs. 2016 Apr-Jun;12(2):81-90. doi: 10.1097/JFN.0000000000000110. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Primary Outcome Measure	Reduction in drug and alcohol use	3 years
Secondary	Secondary Outcome Measure	Number of visits to health care or social service providers	3 years