Disorder Clinical Trial
Official title:
Increased Static Postural Sway After Energy Drink Consumption
Background & Purpose: Energy drinks consumption continues to grow since its appearance in the
United States in 1997. Available evidence indicates that caffeine, their main ingredient, can
alter the central nervous system (CNS). However, it is unknown how energy drinks adjust the
CNS postural control mechanism. The purpose of this study was to investigate how energy
drinks can affect postural control after sensory perturbations during stance.
Methods: 20 healthy adults, (11 males; 9 females) averaging 26.1 years of age, stood on a
pressure mat, which measured center of pressure (CoP), anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral
(ML) postural sways during eight different balance tests (BALT's). BALT's were designed to
alter or cancel the systems involved in postural control: visual, vestibular and
somatosensory. Subjects were randomly assigned to a caffeine group and an energy drink group.
MANOVA analysis was performed for all variables of interest.
Methods General Protocol
After signing the informed consent and reviewing the inclusion and exclusion criteria,
participants were subjected to a preliminary screening of participation using a list of
questions and the American college sports medicine Health / Fitness Facility Questionnaire.
This questionnaire's purpose is to ensure the safety of the participants to engage in
physical activity by assessing the subjects and family history of cardiovascular diseases.
Afterwards, the Investigators assessed subjects' vital signs, blood pressure, pulse, and
spO2, to ensure subjects were able to participate in physical activity safely ingest a
moderate intake of caffeine without complications. Since postural control is negatively
correlated with increased adiposity, weight and height data were measured to obtain a
classification according to the Body Mass Index. A range of 18.5 to 29.9 was required to
participate. During the physical examinations the subjects also performed a Romberg test to
rule out any obvious impairment in static balance, a modified Sit and Reach Test for the
evaluation of functional flexibility, Sit to Stand Test (30 Seconds) for the assessment of
lower limb functional strength, and a Step Test to evaluate the response of the
cardiovascular system to a submaximal cardio test. After the physical examination, the
participants had a rest period between 10-20 minutes before starting the balance tests
protocol of (BALT's).
Procedure
Each participant from both groups performed eight balance tests (BALT's) which alter or
cancel, individually or combined, sensory input from the sensory systems involved in postural
control. The order of the tests was changed systematically between subjects; therefore, they
did not perform the tests in the same order to eliminate external factors such as fatigue or
accommodation to the BALT's, which could alter the results. The BALT's were conducted on the
(TekScan, Boston, MA) a pressure platform containing sensors that measure a displacement of
the center of pressure in centimeters squared (cm2) (CoP), anteroposterior (AP), and
mediolateral (ML) sway in centimeters (cm). The data collected from the pressure mat was
analyzed with Sway Analysis Module (SAM) software designed for this purpose. The subjects
stood for 30 seconds on the pressure platform during each test.
The first 4 BALT's were carried out by placing the pressure platform on the floor, a stable
surface. These tests were: 1) Open Eyes (EO) with a fixed point to evaluate all the systems
involved in the postural control (visual, vestibular, somatosensory); 2) Eyes Closed (EC) to
evaluate the vestibular and somatosensory system, while eliminating the visual sensory input;
3) Eyes Open while actively moving the head up and down (HUD) to evaluate the visual and
somatosensory system, while altering the vestibular system with head movements (EO HUD) (For
HUD movements a metronome 2/4 60 BPM was used to maintain a fixed frequency of about one spin
per second in motion); 4) Eyes closed and actively moving the head up and down (EC HUD) to
assess the effect of removing the visual input, in combination of an alteration of the
vestibular system with the head up and down movements.
The remaining 4 BALT's were the same as the four previously mentioned tests with the
difference that the subject stood on an unstable surface (foam mat) that was placed on top of
the pressure platform to alter the somatosensory (proprioceptive) system.
After the initial eight pre BALT's, to the experimental group, 160 mg of caffeine was given
through one energy drink (16 ounces). Monster energy drink was chosen because, unlike other
energy drink brands, the label of Monster Energy drink exhibits the guarana additive, a
potential CNS stimulant, in its nutritional label. To the control group, Investigators gave a
caffeine pill of 200mg, a moderate dose in healthy adults which has been used in numerous
studies on different topics and has not been associated with adverse effects such as
toxicity, cardiovascular effects, behavior changes, among other things. Because peak
absorption of caffeine is reached within 30-45 minutes after the ingestion of caffeine/energy
drink, there was a rest period of 30 minutes. Vital signs were measured after the rest
period, for the third time. The same 8 BALT's were then performed, for post ingestion
results.
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