Denture Stomatitis Clinical Trial
Official title:
Anti-Microbial Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nano Particles Incorporated Acrylic Resin Denture Base Materials in Completely Edentulous Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Although cleaning dentures by immersion in chemical denture cleaning solutions is effective
in reducing the number of bacteria, a large number remains adhering to the denture surface.
Thus, the mechanical cleansing of dentures is imperative to remove adherent microbes, and
prevent diseases. This is not always easy to achieve, due to un-compliant patients, or
patients with diminished manual dexterity (e.g. Mani phalanx dysfunction or Rheumatoid
Arthritis) that often require assistance in cleaning their dentures, which may not always be
available.
Therefore, the modification of denture base materials to provide them with antibacterial
properties to control oral biofilm formation, and producing dentures that can be cleaned by
simply rinsing in water would prove to be valuable in oral hygienic management in complete
denture-wearing patients.
Nanoparticulate Metals as Antimicrobial Agents Many of the major medical breakthroughs in
history, have been largely dependent on the antimicrobial effects of different metals.
Mercury has been used medicinally in the treatment of syphilis, and skin diseases as far back
as the 10th century in Europe, and 2nd Century BC in China. And till this day organomercurial
compounds remain in use for their antiseptic, and disinfectant properties. Metals such as
copper and zinc are now incorporated in micron size, in products such as toothpastes, to
control dental plaque formation. More recently, the addition of nanoparticulate metals such
as TiO2, SiO2, ZnO, Ag, CuO to dental materials to impart an antimicrobial effect, has been
investigated in many studies. Among these metals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have
received the most attention due to its white color, low toxicity at concentrations usually
used, high stability, availability, and its high photocatalytic activity.
Many studies suggested that incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles to PMMA,
significantly decreases porosities in the denture resin, rendering titanium dioxide
nanoparticles a suitable additive to denture base materials.
Titanium Dioxide as a Photocatalyst In 1977 Frank and Bard were the first to study the
possibilities of using TiO2 to degrade cyanide in water, since then, there has been growing
interest in its various applications.
Titanium dioxide is a light-sensitive semiconductor, that absorbs electromagnetic radiation
in the near UV region. Absorbing light energy causes an electron to be promoted from the
valence band to the conduction band.
Water molecules which are commonly adsorbed onto the titanium dioxide surface, are oxidized
in the process, generating OH• radicals. These free radicals are characterized by a high
level of energy enabling them to react with different organic compounds such as the
polyunsaturated phospholipid component of the microbial lipid membrane that eventually leads
to their complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water, inhibiting the microorganisms'
respiratory activity, and eliciting cell death.
Recent studies have proved the antimicrobial effects of titanium dioxide against Candida
albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus
acidophilus, and MRSA.
However, there are recent concerns titanium dioxide could be cited as a health hazard, as it
could produce tissue inflammation as generated by cytokine release. Moreover, adding TiO2
nanoparticles can alter the physical properties of the substrate. It has been found that
adding as much as 5%wt of TiO2 nanoparticles to PMMA does not produce deleterious effects on
the mechanical properties of the material, while concentrations required to produce an
inhibitory or a killing effect on microorganisms has been found to be 0.25-2.5 mg/mL
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