APOL1 Genetic Testing in African Americans

Chronic Kidney Diseases Clinical Trial

Official title:

APOL1 Genetic Testing in African Americans: Exploring Attitudes About Genetic Risk to Improve Comprehensive Kidney Risk Assessment for Patients and Families

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05656261
• Other study ID #: 29188
• Status: Recruiting
• Start date: January 24, 2019
• Est. completion date: June 30, 2026

Study information

• Verified date: March 2024
• Source: St. Louis University
• Contact: Krista Lentine, PhD, MD
• Phone: 314-257-3760
• Email: krista.lentine[@]health.slu.edu
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Observational

Clinical Trial Summary

Recent breakthroughs in medical genetics have discovered that a portion of kidney failure affecting the Black community is mediated by coding variants in a gene called apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) - and that genetic variants, not race - account for increased risk. For APOL1 genetic testing to be applied in a manner that improves patient care and outcomes, more information is needed regarding associations of genotype with clinical parameters related to kidney health. Further, understanding patient perceptions about knowledge of the results of APOL1 genetic testing, and how that impacts patient engagement with management of hypertension and other renal risk factors, is urgently needed.

• In a Phase 1 pilot study, we offered APOL1 genetic testing to Black patients seen in our Hypertension and Nephrology clinics at Saint Louis University, an academic medical center that serves the local urban community, and surveyed patients on attitudes and concerns about APOL1 genetic testing. 144 participants were enrolled in Phase 1.

• In the Phase 2 study, we will advance this important work in our community by offering participation to a broader patient base, including patients seen in Internal and Family Medicine clinics, SLU Hospital, as well as to first-degree relatives and spouses of SLUCare participants. This expansion seeks to advance understanding of environment-gene interactions, improve risk prediction, and target management of potentially modifiable risk factors.

Description:

Recent recognition of coding variants in the Apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene as a strong risk factor for advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in African Americans (AAs) has marked one of the most impactful discoveries in kidney precision medicine. It is well-established that AAs have an increased risk of kidney failure, but it now appears that at least a portion of this risk disparity is genetically mediated by APOL1 renal risk variants (RRVs). Approximately 13% of Black Americans have APOL1 high-risk genotypes (2 copies of G1, G2, or compound heterozygotes [2 RRVs]) and are at higher risk for ESKD. Importantly, APOL1 high-risk genotypes are not deterministic for kidney disease. Rather, additional genetic and/or environmental "second hits" are likely required for disease initiation and progression. These "second hits" may include environmental factors and social determinants of health, as well as biologic factors.

Supported by the Mid-America Transplant Foundation, this study seeks to assess the frequency of APOL1 RRVs in local African American patients with hypertension and to assess their attitudes about APOL1 genetic testing and the potential impact of knowing one's APOL1 genotype on hypertension and renal risk factor management through self-administered surveys.

This study is open to Black patients seen in SLUCare Nephrology, Hypertension, Internal/Family Medicine clinics, or the University hospital, as well as to first-degree relatives and household family members (e.g. spouses) of enrolled participants or previously APOL1 genotyped patients of SSM Saint Louis University Hospital and SLUCare clinic. Family-based recruitment may help discriminate impacts of genetic risk from other potential shared biologic and non-biologic risk factors, and will also broaden the reach of the project in our community.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 600
• Est. completion date: June 30, 2026
• Est. primary completion date: June 30, 2025
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 90 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Ages 18-90

• Self-Identified as Black/African American. Race will be self-identified. Patients of African ancestry who identify as multi-racial are also eligible to participate.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cognitively impaired/unable to provide consent

• Terminally ill

• Renal replacement therapy (RRT), e.g., (but not limited to) hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Chronic Kidney Diseases
• Genetic Predisposition
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease
• Kidney Diseases
• Nephropathy
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic

Intervention

Genetic:
• Assessment of the frequency of APOL-1 renal risk variant in the black population, and evaluating their attitudes about genetic testing and APOL1 genotype via self-administered surveys
On day of enrollment, participants will have 1 blood sample obtained to extract DNA for determining their APOL1 genotype, and will answer a survey asking about their attitudes/beliefs on kidney disease, hypertension, and diabetes, as well as genetic testing. Participants will receive their results via telephone shortly thereafter, and then complete the same survey at 3 months and 12 months post-enrollment, in order to evaluate if any of their attitudes or beliefs have changed since knowing their APOL1 genetic test result. Those who are interested, specifically those who carry the homozygous or compound heterozygous renal risk variant, will have the option to speak with a designated genetic counselor who is associated with the study site and approved by the IRB.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	SSM Health Saint Louis University Hospital	Saint Louis	Missouri

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
St. Louis University	Mid-America Transplant

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (4)

Anyaegbu EI, Shaw AS, Hruska KA, Jain S. Clinical phenotype of APOL1 nephropathy in young relatives of patients with end-stage renal disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015 Jun;30(6):983-9. doi: 10.1007/s00467-014-3031-0. Epub 2014 Dec 23. — View Citation

Freedman BI, Langefeld CD, Turner J, Nunez M, High KP, Spainhour M, Hicks PJ, Bowden DW, Reeves-Daniel AM, Murea M, Rocco MV, Divers J. Association of APOL1 variants with mild kidney disease in the first-degree relatives of African American patients with — View Citation

Friedman DJ, Kozlitina J, Genovese G, Jog P, Pollak MR. Population-based risk assessment of APOL1 on renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 Nov;22(11):2098-105. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011050519. Epub 2011 Oct 13. — View Citation

Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Oleksyk TK, Uscinski Knob AL, Bernhardy AJ, Hicks PJ, Nelson GW, Vanhollebeke B, Winkler CA, Kopp JB, Pays E, Pollak MR. Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 vari — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Determine frequency of APOL1 renal risk variants in black population	To assess the frequency and sociodemographic/clinical correlates of APOL1 renal risk variants in a local urban population of Black patients seen in Nephrology, Hypertension, Internal/Family Medicine clinics, or University Hospital.	1 year
Secondary	Determine frequency of first degree relatives of enrolled participants with APOL1 renal risk variants	To assess the association and interaction between potential "second hits" such as environmental factors and comorbidities with APOL1 genotype on kidney function among Black patients and their families.; To assess attitudes of patients and family members about APOL1 genetic testing and the potential impact of knowing one's APOL1 genotype on hypertension and renal risk factor management through self-administered surveys.; To assess the interest of patients and family members in genetic counseling related to APOL1 genetic testing and kidney risk.	1 year

External Links

•   Julie S. Kennan, Nephrology News & Issues, November 2022, with interview of co-PI Dr. Lentine "Black Americans with hypertension open to genetic testing, concerned about kidney disease"