Hypofractionated Protontherapy in Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Skull Base

Chondrosarcoma Clinical Trial

Official title:

Phase II Clinical Trial of Low-intervention Using Hypofractionated Protontherapy in Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Skull Base

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05861245
• Other study ID #: PIC128-22_QUIRON
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: May 24, 2023
• Est. completion date: May 24, 2033

Study information

• Verified date: November 2023
• Source: Quironsalud
• Contact: Morena Sallabanda, MD PhD
• Phone: 0034 917226716
• Email: msallabanda[@]quironsalud.es
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The project is planned as a phase II clinical trial with a low level of intervention, for the prospective evaluation of the clinical results of radical or adjuvant treatment by proton therapy in chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base using hypofractionation schemes in 5 fractions, with the aim of consolidating the scientific evidence that exists with high-precision techniques with photons, increasing this evidence by adapting this treatment scheme to the proton technique. In addition, a cross-sectional prospective evaluation of the quality parameters of the dosimetry of hypofractionated proton therapy and an evaluation of the quality of life of these patients will be carried out. - Primary Objective 1. - Toxicity according to CTCAE-v5 criteria 2. - Local control determined by Magnetic Resonance with Gadolinium. - Secondary Objectives 1. To evaluate the quality of life of the patients, 3 months after the end of the treatment, using a specific questionnaire. 2. To evaluate the dosimetric benefits using techniques that allow an improvement in the dose gradient, improving the coverage of the CTV (Clinical Tumor Volume) and decreasing the dose in surrounding risk organs.

Description:

Chordomas are rare, slow-growing tumors that develop from remnants of the embryonic notochord in the clivus, sacrococcygeal region, and mobile spine. Although the frequency of distant metastases is low, these tumors are locally aggressive and have an extremely high local recurrence rate. Similarly, chondrosarcomas have a potential for slow growth with a tendency to recur locally. They usually arise at the base of the skull or spine from mesenchymal cells or from the primitive cartilaginous matrix. Although chordomas are considered clinically more aggressive than chondrosarcomas, their tendency to settle in similar anatomical locations and the high risk of local recurrence of both diagnostic entities have conditioned a similar therapeutic approach. Standard treatment includes surgical resection that is as radical as possible; however, complete resection is feasible in less than 50% of cases, as it can be associated with significant postoperative morbidity and mortality, since these tumors frequently invade or contact critical structures (vascular, cranial nerves or spinal roots). Therefore, adjuvant or exclusive irradiation have a fundamental role in long-term local control. Therefore, optimization of the efficacy of radiotherapy represents a critical step in the management of these patients. Given their tendency to local recurrence, chordomas require the prescription of high doses for their local control, which are associated with potentially critical adverse effects if conventional photon irradiation techniques are used. The α/β ratio, according to the linear-quadratic model, represents a measure of the sensitivity of a tumor to variable dose-per-fraction regimens. Tumors with a low coefficient (<4 Gy) are considered more sensitive to the effects of hypofractionated treatments, which involve the administration of higher irradiation doses per session in fewer sessions. After analyzing historical studies and institutional experiences, different publications suggest that the α/β ratio of chordomas is 2.45 Gy and it is assumed to be very similar for chondrosarcomas. Therefore, the administration of hypofractionated schedules could be associated with an increase in the sensitivity of these tumors to radiotherapy treatment. Conventional normofractionated radiation therapy administered adjuvantly after resection has historically been used with median doses of 60 to 66.6 Gy to 2 Gy per fraction, offering 5-year local control rates ranging from 23% to 50%. Technological advances in the field of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy have led to an improvement in the precision of treatments, allowing the dose for chordomas to be scaled up to 76 Gy (the biological equivalent dose (BED) taking into account the α/ β of 2.45Gy is 138 Gy) and for chondrosarcomas up to 70 Gy (BED of 127 Gy), achieving and improvement in 5-year local control rates of 65% and 88%, respectively for each diagnostic entity. Although promising, the use of high-dose photons is limited by the lower ability to protect nearby critical organs. Therefore, particle therapy (protons and carbon ions) has established its role as a standard technique, due to its potential to achieve greater conformation and better dose distribution. The main studies with proton therapy for these tumors appear to show statistically significant results in favor of increased survival when dose escalation above 70 Gy to 2 Gy per fraction (BED >127 Gy) is compared with techniques using irradiation with intensity modulated photons (IMRT). The 5-year local control rate is above 60% for chordomas and above 80% for chondrosarcomas with moderate toxicity and preservation of critical structures. However, the limited availability of these facilities together with the administration of very long treatment schedules, often of seven weeks or more, poses a significant problem for patients and remains an obstacle to the widespread adoption of this technique as a therapeutic standard. Due to all these limitations and the important advances in terms of precision and dose distribution, the concept of hypofractionation has gained weight within radiation oncology thanks to its potential benefits in terms of reducing the duration of treatment and costs. The first publications on the hypofractionated treatment of chordomas, mainly of the skull base, go hand in hand with photon radiosurgery systems, using dedicated equipment such as the GammaKnife or CyberKnife. In the last 15 years, single-dose or hypofractionated treatment schemes have been explored as a therapeutic alternative to escalate the dose, improve the protection of organs at risk and reduce treatment time. Some studies have evaluated single fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of chordomas and chondrosarcomas mainly located in the skull base with results comparable to proton therapy. The most relevant studies included series of 22 to 71 patients treated with median doses of SRS ranging from 12.7-24 Gy (BED 78.5-259 Gy). Five-year local control rates ranged from 21-85%, depending on the doses prescribed (higher doses, ≥15 Gy, were associated with better relapse-free survival). However, based on the experience of Kano et al., for single-dose treatments, irradiation of volumes > 7 cc is associated with a significant worsening of tumor control. It is essential to emphasize that the tumor volumes that are usually treated in chordomas and chondrosarcomas, both at the base of the skull and, to a greater extent, in the spine, exceed, in most cases, 7 cc, since the entire clivus or affected vertebral bodies must be included in the majority of cases, in order to reduce the risk of marginal recurrence. For this reason, the role of single-dose radiosurgery loses weight in favor of hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (HFSRT), which has theoretical advantages compared to single-dose treatment in volumes greater than 7 cc, including a lower risk of radiation-induced toxicity in nearby critical structures and the possibility of safely treating larger tumor volumes with multiple fractions (usually 5). Several publications evaluate HFSRT for chordomas and chondrosarcomas. The number of cases included in these series ranged from 9 to 24 patients. The median follow-up was 24 to 46 months. Most patients were treated with 5 fractions with a prescription dose of 24-43 Gy (BED 52.7-194 Gy), depending on histology and therapeutic setting (radical, adjuvant, or reirradiation). The best local control results at 3 and 5 years obtained were 90 and 60% for chordomas, respectively, and 100% for chondrosarcomas. The most widely used regimen was 37.5 Gy in 5 fractions of 7.5 Gy (BED 152.3 Gy equivalent to 80 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction) for chordomas and 35 Gy in 5 fractions of 7 Gy per fraction in Chondrosarcomas (BED of 135 Gy equivalent to 74 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction). The toxicity described in most of these studies does not register worse data than those published with conventional fractionation in proton therapy, when it comes to primary treatments. This growing evidence, which is described as a justification for the implementation of hypofractionated regimens, demonstrates that the standard implementation of these therapeutic modalities in patients who meet the appropriate characteristics can suppose a great advantage to improve accessibility and comfort for patients, potentially reduce acute side effects during treatment and increase therapeutic cost-efficiency. Proton therapy, today, remains a limited resource, with only 99 facilities currently in operation worldwide in 2021, of which two new centers are in Spain, active since 2020. In addition, many patients must travel to access to this technology, so reducing the time a patient is away from home and their support network can have significant financial and psychosocial implications. Added to all this are the aforementioned radiobiological advantages of high doses per fraction, in tumors with a low α/β coefficient, such as chordomas and chondrosarcomas. That is why the implementation of hypofractionation within proton therapy has gained weight in the last 10 years, increasing the number of publications in this regard, which reflects the interest in this treatment approach. Cao et al. presented a dosimetric study comparing different hypofractionated stereotactic treatment schemes in the treatment of intracranial tumors > 3 cm in greatest diameter. Treatment plans with GammaKnife, Cyberknife and VMAT were generated compared with proton therapy plans with or without modulated intensity. The authors suggest that proton therapy represents a desirable alternative to advanced photon techniques for treating large, irregularly shaped volumes near critical structures, such as chordomas and chondrosarcomas. For all these reasons, a fundamental and necessary challenge today consists of increasing the scientific evidence of hypofractionated schemes in the treatment of chordomas and chondrosarcomas, adapting them to protontherapy, to increase clinical experience and combine the benefits of high-precision hypofractionated treatments to the dosimetric advantages of protontherapy (ability to treat volumes > 7 cc with a homogeneity index close to 1 and a decrease in the integral dose in healthy tissue). In summary, considering the growing scientific evidence available from other studies on different therapeutic entities, we have a solid basis to reinforce hypofractionation protocols with protontherapy in the treatment of chordomas and chondrosarcomas. The research project is based on the performance of a phase II clinical trial with a low level of intervention, which consists of the prospective evaluation of the clinical and radiological response after the administration of a treatment using radical or adjuvant hypofractionated proton therapy in 5 sessions in patients diagnosed with chordoma or chondrosarcoma of the skull base. In addition, a cross-sectional evaluation of the quality parameters of the dosimetry of the hypofractionated proton therapy treatments administered to the patients included in the study and an evaluation of the quality of life by means of specific questionnaires, 3 months after treatment, will be carried out.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 20
• Est. completion date: May 24, 2033
• Est. primary completion date: May 24, 2025
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• With a baseline classification on the Karnofsky performance status scale = 70%.
• With confirmed histological diagnosis of chordoma or chondrosarcoma of the skull base.
• Who have signed the specific informed consent of the protocol, agreeing to participate in it.
• With a maximum tumor size of 50 cc.
• Whose relationship to organs at risk (OARs) allows compliance with the necessary dose restrictions to receive hypofractionated proton therapy in 5 fractions.

Patients included in the study must meet dosimetric parameters that include:

• Tumor CTV coverage of at least D95>90%.
• Correct compliance with the dose restrictions, at least in the nominal scenario, for critical organs (optic pathway, brain stem and spinal cord) according to the guidelines published and available in the literature: Dose contnstraints for 5 fractions: Optic Nerves: D0.03cc = 25 GyRBE, V23.5 < 0.5cc. Chiasm:D0.03cc = 25 GyRBE, V23.5 < 0.5cc. Brainstem:D0.03cc = 31 GyRBE,V23 < 0.5cc. Spinal Chord: D0.03cc = 30 GyRBE, V23 < 035cc.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients with distant metastases.
• Patients who have received previous irradiation in the same location.
• Patients whose clinical or dosimetric characteristics do not meet the inclusion criteria.
• Patients who are simultaneously participating in another study that may affect the results of this protocol.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Chondrosarcoma
• Chordoma

Intervention

Radiation:
• 5-fraction hipofractionated protontheray
The therapeutic schemes that will be proposed to patients based on clinical criteria such as tumor size and relationship of the tumor with adjacent critical organs are: For chordomas: 37.5 Gy in 5 consecutive sessions of 7.5 Gy per fraction. For chondrosarcomas: 35 Gy in 5 consecutive sessions of 7 Gy per fraction.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Spain	Centro de Protonterapia Quironsalud	Madrid

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Quironsalud

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Spain, 

References & Publications (37)

Amendola BE, Amendola MA, Oliver E, McClatchey KD. Chordoma: role of radiation therapy. Radiology. 1986 Mar;158(3):839-43. doi: 10.1148/radiology.158.3.3945761. — View Citation

Ares C, Hug EB, Lomax AJ, Bolsi A, Timmermann B, Rutz HP, Schuller JC, Pedroni E, Goitein G. Effectiveness and safety of spot scanning proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: first long-term report. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 15;75(4):1111-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.12.055. Epub 2009 Apr 20. — View Citation

Austin JP, Urie MM, Cardenosa G, Munzenrider JE. Probable causes of recurrence in patients with chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the base of skull and cervical spine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Feb 15;25(3):439-44. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90065-4. — View Citation

Bakker SH, Jacobs WCH, Pondaag W, Gelderblom H, Nout RA, Dijkstra PDS, Peul WC, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. Chordoma: a systematic review of the epidemiology and clinical prognostic factors predicting progression-free and overall survival. Eur Spine J. 2018 Dec;27(12):3043-3058. doi: 10.1007/s00586-018-5764-0. Epub 2018 Sep 15. — View Citation

Bloch OG, Jian BJ, Yang I, Han SJ, Aranda D, Ahn BJ, Parsa AT. A systematic review of intracranial chondrosarcoma and survival. J Clin Neurosci. 2009 Dec;16(12):1547-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.05.003. Epub 2009 Sep 30. — View Citation

Bohman LE, Koch M, Bailey RL, Alonso-Basanta M, Lee JY. Skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: influence of clinical and demographic factors on prognosis: a SEER analysis. World Neurosurg. 2014 Nov;82(5):806-14. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2014.07.005. Epub 2014 Jul 5. — View Citation

Cao H, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Kwong T, Danish SF, Weiner J, Wang X, Yue N, Dai Z, Kuang Y, Bai Y, Nie K. Dosimetric comparisons of different hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy techniques in treating intracranial tumors > 3 cm in longest diameter. J Neurosurg. 2019 Mar 22;132(4):1024-1032. doi: 10.3171/2018.12.JNS181578. — View Citation

Crockard A. Chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the cranial base: results and follow-up of 60 patients. Neurosurgery. 1996 Feb;38(2):420. doi: 10.1097/00006123-199602000-00044. No abstract available. — View Citation

DeLaney TF, Liebsch NJ, Pedlow FX, Adams J, Dean S, Yeap BY, McManus P, Rosenberg AE, Nielsen GP, Harmon DC, Spiro IJ, Raskin KA, Suit HD, Yoon SS, Hornicek FJ. Phase II study of high-dose photon/proton radiotherapy in the management of spine sarcomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 1;74(3):732-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.08.058. Epub 2008 Dec 25. — View Citation

Diez P, Hanna GG, Aitken KL, van As N, Carver A, Colaco RJ, Conibear J, Dunne EM, Eaton DJ, Franks KN, Good JS, Harrow S, Hatfield P, Hawkins MA, Jain S, McDonald F, Patel R, Rackley T, Sanghera P, Tree A, Murray L. UK 2022 Consensus on Normal Tissue Dose-Volume Constraints for Oligometastatic, Primary Lung and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2022 May;34(5):288-300. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.02.010. Epub 2022 Mar 7. — View Citation

Fossati P, Vavassori A, Deantonio L, Ferrara E, Krengli M, Orecchia R. Review of photon and proton radiotherapy for skull base tumours. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2016 Jul-Aug;21(4):336-55. doi: 10.1016/j.rpor.2016.03.007. Epub 2016 Apr 16. — View Citation

Freites-Martinez A, Santana N, Arias-Santiago S, Viera A. Using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE - Version 5.0) to Evaluate the Severity of Adverse Events of Anticancer Therapies. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed). 2021 Jan;112(1):90-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.05.009. Epub 2020 Sep 3. No abstract available. English, Spanish. — View Citation

Fuchs B, Dickey ID, Yaszemski MJ, Inwards CY, Sim FH. Operative management of sacral chordoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Oct;87(10):2211-6. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.D.02693. — View Citation

Gelderblom H, Hogendoorn PC, Dijkstra SD, van Rijswijk CS, Krol AD, Taminiau AH, Bovee JV. The clinical approach towards chondrosarcoma. Oncologist. 2008 Mar;13(3):320-9. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0237. Erratum In: Oncologist. 2008 May;13(5):618. — View Citation

Grimm J, LaCouture T, Croce R, Yeo I, Zhu Y, Xue J. Dose tolerance limits and dose volume histogram evaluation for stereotactic body radiotherapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2011 Feb 8;12(2):3368. doi: 10.1120/jacmp.v12i2.3368. — View Citation

Gwak HS, Yoo HJ, Youn SM, Chang U, Lee DH, Yoo SY, Rhee CH. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy for skull base and upper cervical chordoma and chondrosarcoma: preliminary results. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2005;83(5-6):233-43. doi: 10.1159/000091992. Epub 2006 Mar 13. — View Citation

Henderson FC, McCool K, Seigle J, Jean W, Harter W, Gagnon GJ. Treatment of chordomas with CyberKnife: georgetown university experience and treatment recommendations. Neurosurgery. 2009 Feb;64(2 Suppl):A44-53. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000341166.09107.47. — View Citation

Indelicato DJ, Rotondo RL, Begosh-Mayne D, Scarborough MT, Gibbs CP, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. A Prospective Outcomes Study of Proton Therapy for Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Spine. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016 May 1;95(1):297-303. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.057. — View Citation

Iyer A, Kano H, Kondziolka D, Liu X, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for intracranial chondrosarcoma. J Neurooncol. 2012 Jul;108(3):535-42. doi: 10.1007/s11060-012-0858-8. Epub 2012 Apr 11. — View Citation

Jiang B, Veeravagu A, Feroze AH, Lee M, Harsh GR, Soltys SG, Gibbs IC, Adler JR, Chang SD. CyberKnife radiosurgery for the management of skull base and spinal chondrosarcomas. J Neurooncol. 2013 Sep;114(2):209-18. doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1172-9. Epub 2013 Jun 8. — View Citation

Jiang B, Veeravagu A, Lee M, Harsh GR, Lieberson RE, Bhatti I, Soltys SG, Gibbs IC, Adler JR, Chang SD. Management of intracranial and extracranial chordomas with CyberKnife stereotactic radiosurgery. J Clin Neurosci. 2012 Aug;19(8):1101-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.01.005. Epub 2012 Jun 20. — View Citation

Kano H, Iqbal FO, Sheehan J, Mathieu D, Seymour ZA, Niranjan A, Flickinger JC, Kondziolka D, Pollock BE, Rosseau G, Sneed PK, McDermott MW, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for chordoma: a report from the North American Gamma Knife Consortium. Neurosurgery. 2011 Feb;68(2):379-89. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3181ffa12c. — View Citation

Kano H, Sheehan J, Sneed PK, McBride HL, Young B, Duma C, Mathieu D, Seymour Z, McDermott MW, Kondziolka D, Iyer A, Lunsford LD. Skull base chondrosarcoma radiosurgery: report of the North American Gamma Knife Consortium. J Neurosurg. 2015 Nov;123(5):1268-75. doi: 10.3171/2014.12.JNS132580. Epub 2015 Jun 26. — View Citation

Kilby W, Dooley JR, Kuduvalli G, Sayeh S, Maurer CR Jr. The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System in 2010. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Oct;9(5):433-52. doi: 10.1177/153303461000900502. — View Citation

Liu AL, Wang ZC, Sun SB, Wang MH, Luo B, Liu P. Gamma knife radiosurgery for residual skull base chordomas. Neurol Res. 2008 Jul;30(6):557-61. doi: 10.1179/174313208X297878. — View Citation

Palm RF, Oliver DE, Yang GQ, Abuodeh Y, Naghavi AO, Johnstone PAS. The role of dose escalation and proton therapy in perioperative or definitive treatment of chondrosarcoma and chordoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. Cancer. 2019 Feb 15;125(4):642-651. doi: 10.1002/cncr.31958. Epub 2019 Jan 14. — View Citation

Pamir MN, Kilic T, Ture U, Ozek MM. Multimodality management of 26 skull-base chordomas with 4-year mean follow-up: experience at a single institution. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004 Apr;146(4):343-54; discusion 354. doi: 10.1007/s00701-004-0218-3. Epub 2004 Feb 16. — View Citation

Sahgal A, Chan MW, Atenafu EG, Masson-Cote L, Bahl G, Yu E, Millar BA, Chung C, Catton C, O'Sullivan B, Irish JC, Gilbert R, Zadeh G, Cusimano M, Gentili F, Laperriere NJ. Image-guided, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) for skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: preliminary outcomes. Neuro Oncol. 2015 Jun;17(6):889-94. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/nou347. Epub 2014 Dec 27. — View Citation

Sallabanda M, Garcia R, Lorenzana L, Santaolalla I, Abarca J, Sallabanda K. Treatment of Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas With CyberKnife Robotic Hypofractionated Radiosurgery: A Single Institution Experience. Cureus. 2021 Aug 8;13(8):e17012. doi: 10.7759/cureus.17012. eCollection 2021 Aug. — View Citation

Santos A, Penfold S, Gorayski P, Le H. The Role of Hypofractionation in Proton Therapy. Cancers (Basel). 2022 May 2;14(9):2271. doi: 10.3390/cancers14092271. — View Citation

Tai PT, Craighead P, Bagdon F. Optimization of radiotherapy for patients with cranial chordoma. A review of dose-response ratios for photon techniques. Cancer. 1995 Feb 1;75(3):749-56. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950201)75:33.0.co;2-d. — View Citation

Thames HD, Suit HD. Tumor radioresponsiveness versus fractionation sensitivity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Apr;12(4):687-91. doi: 10.1016/0360-3016(86)90081-7. — View Citation

Timmerman R. A Story of Hypofractionation and the Table on the Wall. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022 Jan 1;112(1):4-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.09.027. No abstract available. — View Citation

Vasudevan HN, Raleigh DR, Johnson J, Garsa AA, Theodosopoulos PV, Aghi MK, Ames C, McDermott MW, Barani IJ, Braunstein SE. Management of Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma with Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy. Front Surg. 2017 Jun 23;4:35. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2017.00035. eCollection 2017. — View Citation

Walcott BP, Nahed BV, Mohyeldin A, Coumans JV, Kahle KT, Ferreira MJ. Chordoma: current concepts, management, and future directions. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Feb;13(2):e69-76. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70337-0. — View Citation

Yamada Y, Laufer I, Cox BW, Lovelock DM, Maki RG, Zatcky JM, Boland PJ, Bilsky MH. Preliminary results of high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy for the management of chordomas of the spine and sacrum. Neurosurgery. 2013 Oct;73(4):673-80; discussion 680. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000083. — View Citation

Zorlu F, Gurkaynak M, Yildiz F, Oge K, Atahan IL. Conventional external radiotherapy in the management of clivus chordomas with overt residual disease. Neurol Sci. 2000 Aug;21(4):203-7. doi: 10.1007/s100720070077. — View Citation

* Note: There are 37 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Acute treatment tolerance	To evaluate acute toxicity using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale, of the implementation of hypofractionation schemes in the treatment with protontherapy of skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas.	0 - 3 months
Primary	Chronic treatment tolerance	To evaluate chronic toxicity using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scale, of the implementation of hypofractionation schemes in the treatment with protontherapy of skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas.	3 months - 10 years
Primary	Local control	To evaluate the clinical impact in terms of local control based on the radiological findings by MRI with gadolinium (considering progression to an increase in tumor volume > 10%).	1 - 10 years
Secondary	Quality of life after treatment - QLQ-C30	To evaluate the quality of life of the patients included in the study, for this, in a period of 3 months after the end of treatment, the patients will be summoned in person at the center to carry out the questionnaire of quality of life for cancer patients EORTC QLQ-C30.	3 months
Secondary	Quality of life after treatmenT- QLQ-BN20	To evaluate the quality of life of the patients included in the study, for this, in a period of 3 months after the end of treatment, the patients will be summoned in person at the center to carry out the questionnaire of quality of life for cancer patients with central nervous system tumors, EORTC QLQ-BN20.	3 months
Secondary	Dosimetric benefits	To evaluate the dosimetric benefits using techniques that allow an improvement in the dose gradient, improving the coverage of the CTV (Clinical Tumor Volume) and decreasing the dose in surrounding risk organs. For this, apertures will be used whenever necessary to reduce the dose in surrounding tissues and the pre-treatment dosimetric distributions will be verified.	3 months

External Links

•   EPTN consensus-based guideline for the tolerance dose per fraction of organs at risk in the brain.