Outcome
| Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
| Other |
Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices |
IYCF practices including self-reported breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding practices, child dietary diversity score (24 hours), and responsive feeding. Child dietary diversity defined as the number of food groups the child consumed in previous 24 hours based on WHO guidelines. Responsive feeding assessed using a caregiver-reported measure for the style of interaction between primary caregiver and child during mealtime (e.g., talking to child during mealtimes, allowing the child to feed him/herself and explore their food). Higher scores indicate more caregiver responsive feeding behaviors. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Care-seeking for child illness |
Indicator for whether primary caregiver sought advice or treatment from appropriate health facility or provider in the event of recent child illness (e.g., cough, fever) based on standard indicator used in UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Male caregiver involvement |
Male caregiver involvement reported by the primary caregivers regarding the number of childcare and household activities performed by the primary male caregiver to support the young child, female partner, or family more broadly (e.g., bathing child, providing money to partner, washing dishes/clothes). Measure developed by authors for this study. Higher scores indicate greater male caregiver involvement. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Gender attitudes |
Gender attitudes measured as the primary caregiver's perceptions regarding gender norms and caregiving roles within a household. Items pertain to power dynamics in intimate partner relationships and division of childcare and household responsibilities. Higher scores indicate more gender-equitable attitudes. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Social support |
Social support reported by the primary caregiver using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Higher scores indicate greater perceived social support. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Birth registration |
Indicator for whether child's birth was reported by primary caregiver as registered with civil authorities based on standard indicator used in UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. |
18 months |
|
| Other |
Intimate partner violence |
Indicator for whether female primary caregiver reported of any form of intimate partner violence victimization (e.g., physical, emotional) by a male partner using an adapted version of the domestic violence questionnaire from the Demographic and Health Surveys. |
18 months |
|
| Primary |
Early child development |
Child development measured using the Caregiver Report of Early Development Index (CREDI) long form version. Scores will be analyzed separately by developmental domain: motor, language, cognitive, and socioemotional development. |
18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Caregiver stimulation practices |
Caregiver stimulation practices reported as the number of developmentally-enriching activities that the primary caregiver engaged with the young child (e.g. singing, telling stories). Activities adapted from the Family Care Indicators. A total score will be calculated with higher scores indicated more engagement in stimulation activities. |
18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Home learning materials |
Caregiver-reported index of the variety of play and learning materials in the household for child (e.g., home-made toys, store-bought toys, household items). Items adapted from the Family Care Indicators. A total score will be calculated with higher scores indicated more types of home learning materials available for child. |
18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Caregiver disciplinary practices |
Caregiver disciplinary practices reported with respect to both harsh punishment (e.g., shook the child, shouted at child) and positive disciplinary practices (e.g., explained why the behavior was wrong) used by the primary caregiver towards the child. Items adapted from Child Discipline Module of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Separate indicators will be created for use of any harsh disciplinary practices or any positive disciplinary practices. |
18 months |
|
| Secondary |
Parenting stress |
Parenting distress reported by the primary caregiver using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Parental Distress subscale. Higher total scores indicate greater parenting distress. |
18 months |
|
