Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Cardioneuroablation to Permanent Pacing in Patients With an Implanted Pacemaker for Symptomatic Bradycardia.

Bradycardia Clinical Trial

— GENTLE-PACE  

Official title:

A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Research Study comparinG the Efficacy and Safety of cardioneuroablaTion vs Permanent Pacing in Patients With an implantabLE PACEmaker for Symptomatic Bradycardia.

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT05896592
• Other study ID #: 03/2023
• Status: Recruiting
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: August 1, 2024
• Est. completion date: July 31, 2029

Study information

• Verified date: December 2023
• Source: 4th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Poland
• Contact: Przemyslaw Skoczynski, PhD
• Phone: 48602753043
• Email: przemyslaw.skoczynski[@]umed.wroc.pl
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Background Sinus node dysfunction (SND) and atrioventricular block (AVB) are significant diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The primary method of their treatment is cardiac pacemaker implantation (PM). Although PM remains the main therapeutic approach for most patients with SND/AVB, long-term PM therapy can be associated with various limitations, complications, and the need for device and electrode replacement. There is increasing evidence for the effectiveness of an alternative approach to functional bradycardia associated with excessive vagal activation - cardioneuroablation (CNA). The method leads to the alleviation or complete resolution of bradycardia symptoms, as well as reflex syncope, providing an opportunity to discontinue PM therapy.

Primary aims

1.Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of CNA as a therapy allowing for discontinuation of PM therapy in patients with SND or AVB.

Secondary aims

1. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of CNA as a therapy allowing for the optimization of PM therapy in patients with SND and AVB.

2. Development of a diagnostic algorithm allowing for the identification of patients with SND and/or AVB suitable for CNA and discontinuation of PM and TLE therapy.

3. In addition, blood samples will be collected for future analysis and biobanking.

Methodology

Inclusion criteria

1. Patients up to 50 years old who underwent pacemaker implantation due to sinus node and/or atrioventricular node dysfunction

2. Positive response to atropine test

3. Age between 18-65 years

4. Signed informed consent to participate in the study

Exclusion criteria

1. Own heart rate <30/min

2. Fainting after pacemaker therapy initiation

3. Persistent and sustained atrial fibrillation

4. History of myocarditis

5. History of myocardial infarction

6. History of cardiac surgery

7. History of ablation procedures

8. Congenital heart defects

9. Congenital atrioventricular block

10. Neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases

11. Indications for expanding the pacemaker system to ICD/CRT-D

12. Pregnancy

13. Renal insufficiency with GFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2

14. Age below 18 and above 65 years

15. HAS-BLED score >/= 3 points

Randomization, study scheme Qualified patients will be randomly assigned (1:1:1) to group 1 undergoing first-stage invasive electrophysiology study (EPS), extracardiac vagus nerve stimulation (ECVS) and CNA with continued PM therapy and implantable loop recorder (ILR) implantation, to group 2 undergoing first-stage EPS and ECVS with continued PM therapy, ILR implantation, and no CNA, and to group 3 where patients will undergo observation only for the entire study. The follow-up time will be 18 months. Groups 1 and 2 will be blinded. Two months after the first invasive procedure, the secondary endpoint-stimulation rate in all groups will be assessed. In addition, a non-invasive evaluation of the efficacy of CNA and the incidence of syncope (MAS) and collapse (paraMAS) will take place in group 1, as well as an evaluation of the pacing percentage. After another month during the second hospitalization, the following will be performed: EPS and ECVS, and repeat CNA if ECVS does not show full parasympathetic cardiac denervation. In group 2, after 2 months, non-invasive tests will also be performed to assess and presence of MAS, paraMAS symptoms, and to assess pacing rates. After another month, during the second hospitalization, the following will be performed: EPS, ECVS and CNA. Group 1 and 2 patients will have their pacemaker set to VVI/AAI 30/min. Group 3 patients will then be evaluated for pacing rates and MAS, paraMAS symptoms. At the third visit, one month after the second invasive procedure in group 1 and 2 patients, the pacing percentage will be assessed. Patients with zero pacing percentage PM will be put on ODO/OVO/OAO-pacing off mode. Patients with a pacing percentage greater than zero PM will be set to their optimal mode. A pacing percentage of <0.1% will be treated as 0%, which will be confirmed in the ILR control. For the next 12 months, patients will be observed. During this period, at the next 4 visits repeated every 3 months, groups 1 and 2 will undergo a non-invasive assessment of CNA efficacy and bradycardia symptoms, while group 3 will be evaluated for MAS, paraMAS and pacing percentage assessment. At the 7th visit, the qualification of patients in groups 1 and 2 for discontinuation of continued pacing treatment will take place, with possible qualification for TLE.

Justification Early and late results of a new strategy which is CNA, indicate the possibility of developing an new approach that allows patients with functional bradycardia to decide whether to discontinue or optimize PM therapy. However, standardized approaches based on noninvasive and invasive techniques have not yet been validated and evaluated in a prospective, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial with long-term remote follow-up, including ILR.

Description:

Visit 1- Screening, recruitment, randomization.

• ECG, PM check, NIEPS

• change the stimulation mode to DDD 50/min, AV 220ms/ VVI 50/min/ AAI 50/min

• atropine test

• laboratory tests: complete blood count, creatinine, AST, ALT, TSH, fT3, fT4, NT-proBNP, beta-HCG, K

• analysis of inclusion and exclusion criteria

Hospitalization 1-1 month from randomization Group 1- EPS, ECVS, CNA, ILR implantation Group 2- EPS, ECVS, ILR implantation Group 3- observation

Visit 2-3 months after randomization

Group 1 and 2:

• History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms and the consequences of the procedures performed.

• PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation. Change settings and check PM - to assess the efficiency of own rhythm, patients will then have their pacemaker reprogrammed in DDD 50/min mode with AV 220ms or VVI 50/min. or AAI 50/min.

• ECG

• NIEPS

• 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring

• ILR control

Group 3 observation:

• History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms.

• PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation.

Hospitalization 2-4 months from randomization Group 1 - EPS, ECVS, redo CNA if required Group 2 - EPS, ECVS, CNA Group 1 and 2 patients will have their pacemaker set to VVI/AAI 30/min. For patients of Groups 1 and 2 in whom the CNA proved to be ineffective, the PM will be programmed in the optimal mode for them.

Visit 3-6 months after randomization

Group 1 and 2:

• History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms and the consequences of the procedures performed.

• PM control with the evaluation of the percentage of stimulation. Changing settings and checking PM- to assess the efficiency of your own rhythm

• ECG

• NIEPS

• 24 hour Holter ECG monitoring

• ILR control Patients from groups 1 and 2, whose percentage of stimulation in PM control will be 0%, will have their PM reprogrammed to ODO/OVO/OAO - pacing off.

Group 3 observation:

• History of MAS and paraMAS symptoms.

• PM control with the assessment of the percentage of stimulation.

Visits 4, 5, 6 - consecutively 9, 12, 15 months after randomization

Groups 1 and 2:

• Anamnesis for possible symptoms of bradycardia and undesirable effects of the procedure.

• PM control

• ECG

• NIEPS

• 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring

• ILR control Patients in Groups 1 and 2 who experience symptoms of bradycardia correlated with bradycardia recorded in the ILR will resume pacing in the optimal mode for them.

During these visits, patients in Group 3 and Groups 1 and 2 who had their pacing restored/optimized will be interviewed for possible MAS and paraMAS symptoms, perform a physical examination, and check the PM with assessment of pacing percentage and pacing mode optimization.

Visit 7 - ending the study - 18 months from randomization.

Group 1 and 2:

• Anamnesis for possible symptoms of bradycardia and undesirable effects of the procedure.

• PM control

• ECG

• NIEPS

• Atropine test

• 24-hour Holter ECG monitoring

• ILR control Patients from groups 1 and 2 without symptoms of bradycardia and without asymptomatic bradycardia <40/min recorded in the ILR, after assessment by the EP-HEART TEAM (a council of two cardiologist specialists), will be qualified for the end of permanent pacing therapy. Those patients with a low risk of TLE will be qualified for TLE.

During this visit, Group 3 and Group 1 and 2 patients with previously pacing restored/optimized will be interviewed for possible MAS and paraMAS symptoms, perform a physical examination and PM check with assessment of pacing percentage and pacing mode optimisation.

The ILR will be left in place until the battery runs out or will be removed sooner at the patient's request.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Recruiting
• Enrollment: 99
• Est. completion date: July 31, 2029
• Est. primary completion date: July 31, 2029
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 65 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who underwent pacemaker implantation before 50 years old due to sinus node and/or atrioventricular node dysfunction

• Positive response to atropine test

• Age between 18-65 years

• Signed informed consent to participate in the study

Exclusion Criteria:

• Own heart rate <30/min

• Fainting after pacemaker therapy initiation

• Persistent and sustained atrial fibrillation

• History of myocarditis

• History of myocardial infarction

• History of cardiac surgery

• History of ablation procedures

• Congenital heart defects

• Congenital atrioventricular block

• Neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases

• Indications for expanding the pacemaker system to ICD/CRT-D

• Pregnancy

• Renal insufficiency with GFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2

• Age below 18 and above 65 years

• HAS-BLED score >/= 3 points

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Bradycardia
• Syncope

Intervention

Diagnostic Test:
• Invasive electrophysiological study
Invasive electrophysiological study consists in inserting two electrodes into the heart through femoral vein puncture into the right atrium and right ventricle. Then the following measurements are taken: SNRT- sinus rhythm recovery time, cSNRT- corrected sinus rhythm recovery time, Wenckebach point, AH and HV time and HRV-rhythm variability after SNRT measurement. The examination will be performed under general anesthesia.
• Extracardiac vagal stimulation
Extracardiac vagal stimulation consists in leading the electrode through the puncture of the femoral vein, successively to both internal jugular veins and stimulating the vagus nerve at the level of its cranial orifice and lower at the level of the angle of the mandible. Stimulation is performed using the Extra-Cardiac Autonomic NeuroStimulatorPachon. Induction of a sinus pause or AV block during vagal stimulation is considered a positive test result. Absence of sinus pause and AV block during vagal stimulation indicates parasympathetic denervation of the heart. The examination is performed under general anesthesia.

Procedure:
• Cardioneuroablation
CNA consists in complete parasympathetic denervation of the heart or in its deep neuromodulation by destroying the postganglionic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve, located in the epicardium in the vicinity of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and in the area of the interatrial septum. It consists in inserting the electrode into the left atrium through puncture of the femoral vein, and then the interatrial septum, and performing ablation in the vicinity of the pulmonary vein orifices and on the interatrial septum at the level of the mitral annulus. Then the electrode is withdrawn into the right atrium and subsequent applications are made in the area of the coronary sinus opening and the roof of the right atrium and the upper part of the interatrial septum. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. In group 1, CNA will be performed 1 month after randomization. In group 2, CNA will be performed 4 months after randomization.
• Redo cardioneuroablation
It consists in re-performing the CNA if full parasympathetic parasympathetic denervation of the heart is not confirmed by ECVS.
• Implantation of the implantable loop recorder
Implantation of the implantable loop recorder consists in subcutaneous implantation of the ECG loop recorder in the sternum area.

Diagnostic Test:
• Pacemaker check
It consists in evaluating the reliability of the PM system. And the assessment of pacing percentage and recorded arrhythmias. After successful cardioneuroablation in groups 1 and 2, 4 months after randomization, the PM will be programmed to the VVI 30/min mode and after 6 months to the OAO/OVO mode. In group 3 patients and in the case of unsuccessful cardioneuroablation, the pacemaker will be set to the optimal mode for the patient. During the PM control, a non-invasive electrophysiological study (NIEPS) is also performed, in which the SNRT, cSNRT, Wenckebach point and HRV after SNRT measurement are assessed. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.
• Implantable loop recorder check
Assessment of arrhythmias recorded in the ILR. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.
• Holter ECG
24 hour ECG recording. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.
• Anamnesis
Medical history assessing symptoms of bradycardia, MAS, paraMAS and complications of performed procedures. The procedure will be repeated at subsequent visits 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 months after randomization.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Poland	Medical University of Silesia	Katowice	Slaskie
Poland	Mazowiecki Specialist Hospital	Radom	Mazowieckie

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
4th Military Clinical Hospital with Polyclinic, Poland

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Poland, 

References & Publications (8)

Chung MK, Fagerlin A, Wang PJ, Ajayi TB, Allen LA, Baykaner T, Benjamin EJ, Branda M, Cavanaugh KL, Chen LY, Crossley GH, Delaney RK, Eckhardt LL, Grady KL, Hargraves IG, True Hills M, Kalscheur MM, Kramer DB, Kunneman M, Lampert R, Langford AT, Lewis KB, — View Citation

Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB, Michowitz Y, Auricchio A, Barbash IM, Barrabes JA, Boriani G, Braunschweig F, Brignole M, Burri H, Coats AJS, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Diller GP, Israel CW, Keren A, Knops RE, Kotecha D, Leclercq C, Merkely B, Starck C, Th — View Citation

Pachon JC, Pachon EI, Cunha Pachon MZ, Lobo TJ, Pachon JC, Santillana TG. Catheter ablation of severe neurally meditated reflex (neurocardiogenic or vasovagal) syncope: cardioneuroablation long-term results. Europace. 2011 Sep;13(9):1231-42. doi: 10.1093/ — View Citation

Pachon JC, Pachon EI, Pachon JC, Lobo TJ, Pachon MZ, Vargas RN, Jatene AD. "Cardioneuroablation"--new treatment for neurocardiogenic syncope, functional AV block and sinus dysfunction using catheter RF-ablation. Europace. 2005 Jan;7(1):1-13. doi: 10.1016/ — View Citation

Piotrowski R, Baran J, Sikorska A, Krynski T, Kulakowski P. Cardioneuroablation for Reflex Syncope: Efficacy and Effects on Autonomic Cardiac Regulation-A Prospective Randomized Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023 Jan;9(1):85-95. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.20 — View Citation

Rudbeck-Resdal J, Christiansen MK, Johansen JB, Nielsen JC, Bundgaard H, Jensen HK. Aetiologies and temporal trends of atrioventricular block in young patients: a 20-year nationwide study. Europace. 2019 Nov 1;21(11):1710-1716. doi: 10.1093/europace/euz20 — View Citation

Sidhu BS, Gould J, Bunce C, Elliott M, Mehta V, Kennergren C, Butter C, Deharo JC, Kutarski A, Maggioni AP, Auricchio A, Kuck KH, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bongiorni MG, Rinaldi CA; ELECTRa Investigators Group. The effect of centre volume and procedure locat — View Citation

Tulecki L, Polewczyk A, Jachec W, Nowosielecka D, Tomkow K, Stefanczyk P, Kosior J, Duda K, Polewczyk M, Kutarski A. A Study of Major and Minor Complications of 1500 Transvenous Lead Extraction Procedures Performed with Optimal Safety at Two High-Volume R — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Primary efficacy endpoints- Composite endpoint	Composite endpoint including: occurrence of non-traumatic loss of consciousness; occurrence of symptoms of presyncope state; determination in the loop recorder recording of events of asymptomatic bradycardia requiring permanent cardiac pacing, understood as: type II degree atrioventricular block and/or; atrioventricular block of 2:1 or higher order and/or; sinus bradycardia <40/min during the patient's wakefulness; sinus pause >3 seconds during the patient's wakefulness; cardiac pacing despite the PM setting in AAI/VVI mode 30/min after the second intervention.	18 months
Primary	Primary safety endpoints- Composite endpoint	Composite endpoint including: death from any cause; peri-procedural damage to cardiac or vascular structures requiring surgical intervention not resulting in death; ischemic stroke not terminated by death; symptomatic damage to the pulmonary veins; symptomatic injury to the phrenic nerve; de-electrode device-related infective endocarditis; device lodge infection; electrode dysfunction requiring electrode replacement; BARC grade 2, 3 bleeding during postoperative anticoagulant therapy	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Occurrence of non-traumatic loss of consciousness	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Occurrence of syncope in the course of documented bradyarrhythmia	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Occurrence of symptoms of pre-fainting state	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Occurrence of presyncope in the course of documented bradyarrhythmia	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Determination in the loop recorder recording of events of asymptomatic bradycardia requiring permanent pacing of the heart, understood as: atrioventricular block type II and/or; atrioventricular block of 2:1 or higher order and/or; sinus bradycardia <40/min during the patient's wakefulness; sinus pause >3 seconds during the patient's wakefulness; cardiac pacing despite the PM setting in AAI/VVI mode 30/min after the second intervention.	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Disabling permanent cardiac pacing at visit 3	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Demonstration of a statistically significant lower pacing rate in the group of patients undergoing CNA vs patients who continued PM therapy without CAN	18 months
Secondary	Secondary efficacy endpoint	Qualification for removal of PM and TLE system	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Death from any cause	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Peri-procedural damage to cardiac or vascular structures requiring surgical intervention not resulting in death	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Ischemic stroke not terminated by death	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Symptomatic pulmonary venous injury	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Symptomatic phrenic nerve injury	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Asymptomatic phrenic nerve injury	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Electrodermal infective endocarditis	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	PM implantation site infection	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Electrode dysfunction	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Occurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Development of symptoms of heart failure	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Symptoms of inadequate sinus tachycardia	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	Hospitalization for any reason	18 months
Secondary	Secondary safety endpoint	BARC grade 2, 3 bleeding during postoperative anticoagulant therapy	18 months