Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Completed
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT05361460 |
| Other study ID # |
2019-02968 |
| Secondary ID |
|
| Status |
Completed |
| Phase |
|
| First received |
|
| Last updated |
|
| Start date |
October 17, 2019 |
| Est. completion date |
December 12, 2022 |
Study information
| Verified date |
May 2022 |
| Source |
Karolinska Institutet |
| Contact |
n/a |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
|
| Study type |
Observational
|
Clinical Trial Summary
The study has a mixed-methods design i.e. integration of qualitative and quantitative data
within a single investigation. Participants included will be patients ≥60 years that are
undergoing major elective joint replacement surgery (n=40) and their relative. Patient's
experience of his/her cognition will be capture by interviews on postoperative day 13-16
during the follow-up visit and after 1 year. A relative will also be interviewed once on
postoperative day 13-16. Cognitive function will be measured preoperatively and on
postoperative day 13-16 using the International Study Group of Postoperative Cognitive
Dysfunction (ISPOCD) test battery. Symptoms / discomfort will be measured pre- and
postoperatively (on postoperative day 1 and 2 and at the follow up visit day 13-16) by the
Swedish version of Quality of Recovery (SwQoR) and by a visual analogue scale assessing pain
intensity. Biomarkers will also be collected at the same time points. The findings from the
interviews will be sorted out depending on group stratification (no delayed neurocognitive
recovery and delayed neurocognitive recovery). The qualitative and quantitative findings will
be compared to seek for similarities and differences.
Description:
Aim The aim of present study is therefore to explore patients' experiences of their early and
late postoperative cognition after major orthopaedic surgery in relation to postoperative
cognitive function assessed with validated neuropsychological tests, inflammatory signalling
molecules and quality of postoperative recovery as well as to describe the relative's view of
early postoperative cognition.
Study design A mixed-methods study i.e. inductive concurrent design where, the core component
is qualitative and the supplemental component is quantitative with integration of qualitative
and quantitative data within a single investigation will be undertaken to address the
research questions.
Participants Patients Participants included will be patients undergoing major elective joint
replacement surgery (n=40) at a university hospital in Sweden. The sample size is based on
the mixed methods study design and the incidence of early cognitive decline at 1-2 weeks
postoperatively of 17% -25%.
Exclusion criteria: a score on the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) at screening of ≤ 22
i.e. suspected dementia; < 60 years of age; suffering from a nervous system disease; taking
tranquillisers or antidepressants; underwent a surgical procedure in the previous six months;
or inability to read and speak Swedish; suffering from a severe visual or auditory disorder,
alcoholism or drug dependence.
Relatives One close relatives (spouses or children with age ≥ 18 years) per patients will be
asked to participate. Inclusion criteria for the relatives included identifying themselves as
being a relative whom the patient included in the study and being able to take part in an
interview in Swedish. The patient decide which relative that should be asked. If the relative
do not accept to be included, the patient will not be excluded.
Recruitment One of the researchers will, during their preoperative anaesthesia consultation,
provide oral and written information about the study. The details of the study and its
potential benefits as well as risks will be explained thoroughly to the patient. If the
patient agrees to participation in the study, they will undergo the MMSE screening. Values
>22 indicated that the patient is eligible to participate,
Qualitative data Interviews The patients and their relative will be interviewed separately.
The opening question to the patients is: "How do you yourself experience the time after the
operation compared to before? " Opening question to the relative: "How would you describe
your relative regarding being as they used to be, being themselves, before the operation
compared to the time after surgery" Probing questions were asked such as "What do you mean?"
and "How would you describe that?" One year after the operation, a second interview with the
patients will be conducted with a focus on their experiences of the postoperative recovery
during the first year.
The informants will be encouraged to speak freely about the experience. An interview guide
will be used to ensure covering issues such as cognition, memory loss, attention, mood and
daily activity.
Quantitative data Cognitive Testing Cognitive function will be measured preoperatively and on
postoperative day 13-16 using the International Study Group of Postoperative Cognitive
Dysfunction (ISPOCD) neuropsychological test battery The ISPOCD battery assesses cognitive
performance using four different tests, providing seven variables for analysis, including
Visual Verbal Learning Test, the Concept Shifting Test, the Stroop Colour-Word Test, the
Letter-Digit Coding Test 2 and has been validated in the perioperative setting for two
decades. The tests will be administered in the same sequence at each test session by the same
researcher following a standardized instruction manual in order to ensure as uniform a test
situation as possible. The tests will be carried out in quiet rooms and only the patient and
a researcher will be present.
Blood borne biomarkers Inflammatory signalling molecules such as CRP, Interleukin 1-beta,
Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, HMGB-1 and fractalkine will be measured preoperatively and
postoperatively. Venous blood samples (20 mL whole blood) will be drawn from an intravenous
cannula. Blood will be centrifuged and plasma stored at -80 degrees C until further analysed.
Quality of recovery The patients' quality of recovery will be measured with the Swedish
Quality of Recovery (SwQoR), which measure 24 different items related to symptoms/discomfort
that appear postoperatively, such as pain, anxiety, sleep difficulties, dizziness, fatigue,
returning to work or usual home activities. The items are rated on 11-point numerical scales
ranging from 0, "none of the time", to 10, "all of the time". Reliability and validity tests
have provided evidence that it is appropriate to use SwQoR in patients undergoing surgery.
Pain intensity Pain intensity will be measured using a numerical rating scale (NRS) from 0 =
no pain to 10 = maximum possible pain. The NRS has been tested for reliability and validity
in a Swedish population26.
Demographic and perioperative data These include: age, sex, MMSE score, comorbidities,
American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification, aesthetic technique and duration,
duration of the procedure, blood loss (mL), blood transfusion (mL), use of analgesics during
hospitalization and at home until the follow up visit, postoperative complications and length
of stay.
Procedure Preoperative data collection If the patient chooses to participate in the study,
they will undergo the cognitive test preoperatively. The test will be performed in an
undisturbed room where only the patient and researchers will be present. The tests are
expected to take about 20 minutes. Blood borne biomarkers will be collected and SwQoR and
pain intensity questions will be measured after the cognitive testing is completed, The day
and time of day for preoperative data collection will be documented.
Postoperative data collection The cognitive test and the interview with the patients will
take place on postoperative day 13-16 during the patient's follow up visit. After the
cognitive test is completed, SwQoR and biomarkers will be measured. The patient's relatives
will be interviewed separately on the same day or the day after and by the same researcher .
One year after the operation, a second interview with the patients will also be conducted.
All cognitive tests will be performed by one of the researchers from the research group ,
with education and experience of performing the test. SwQoR, pain intensity and blood borne
biomarkers will be measured postoperative day 1 to 3, the same time of day ±2 hours, and on
day 13-16 during patient's follow up visit. The day and time of day for sampling biomarkers
at the follow up visit will be documented. A research nurses at the Clinical Research Unit at
the University Hospital will collect all biomarkers.
Data analysis Qualitative data analysis All interviews will be transcribed verbatim and
analysed in line with an inductive thematic analysis . In the first step, all interviews will
be read through, patients and relatives separately, and expressions concerning the
experienced postoperative cognitive decline will be marked. At the same time, initial
reflections on the data will be noted. In the second step, the marked expressions will be
coded into a condensed, semantic description of the experiences expressed. Thirdly, themes
will be identified, based on sorting the codes and initial reflections. In this step,
relations between and levels of the themes will also be mapped. In step four, a review of the
themes will be conducted, in which all codes included in a theme are considered, following
which the whole analysis is considered in relation to the initial reflections and original
texts. Thereafter, all themes and subthemes will be named. The findings from patients and
relatives will be presented separately as well as being compared to seek for similarities and
differences, and will be highlighted. Also, individual similarities and differences within
the couples will be presented. The data analysis will be blinded to the findings from the
biomarkers, cognitive tests, SwQoR and pain in order to not be influenced. The analysis will
be performed in Swedish and thereafter be translated into English.
Quantitative data analysis Changes in cognitive performance will be calculated for each of
seven test variables and corrected for practice effects and variability using data from a
historical age-matched control group that has undergone testing using the same battery and
with the same intervals2. To quantify the change from preoperative test to the postoperative
tests scores, separate and composite Z-scores will be calculated on the basis of the seven
cognitive test results and compared using Mann-Whitney U rank sum test.
To analyse differences in biomarkers within patients and between patients, Chi-square or
student's t-tests will be used. To analyse differences within patients and between patients
in cognitive performance and postoperative recovery, Mann-Whitney U rank sum tests will be
used. For statistical analyses, IBM SPSS statistics version 24 for Windows will be used (IBM,
Armonk, NY, USA). A p-value of <0.05 will be considered to be statistically significant in
all analyses.
Descriptive statistics of demographic and perioperative data will be presented by number,
percentage, and mean (SD) or min-max, as appropriate. Depending on the results from the
cognitive tests and biomarkers, the patients will be stratified on the basis of their
postoperative composite cognitive Z-score result into two groups; no delayed neurocognitive
recovery corresponding to a composite Z-score <1 or delayed neurocognitive recovery with
composite Z-score ≥ 1.0 2 Patient characteristics will be compared, between these two groups,
using Fisher's exact test for categorical outcomes and t-tests or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test
for continuous variables, as appropriate. A difference will be considered if any of these
characteristics between the two groups has a p value of <0.05.
The analytical point of integration The qualitative and quantitative findings will be brought
together to look for similarities i.e. whether the qualitative and the quantitative findings
yields convergent results (triangulation) or if they are diverged. Thereafter the findings
from the interviews, both patients and relatives will be sorted out depending on group
stratification (no delayed neurocognitive recovery or delayed neurocognitive recovery). The
qualitative and quantitative findings will then be compared to seek for similarities and
differences. All patients will be included in the mixed data analysis even though they have
an improvement in Z-score, SwQoR or biomarkers.
