Epidural Catheter With or Without Adductor Canal Nerve Block for Postoperative Analgesia Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee Clinical Trial

Official title:

Continuous Adductor Canal Block With Epidural Analgesia for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT02121392
• Other study ID #: IRB13-1438
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: October 2014
• Est. completion date: January 2017

Study information

• Verified date: September 2020
• Source: University of Chicago
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The purpose of this study is to further investigate the efficacy of adductor canal nerve blocks for pain management after total knee replacement. Specifically we are studying adductor canal nerve blocks in conjunction with epidural anesthesia, which is a combination that has not been extensively researched before. Our question is whether combining these modalities will enhance patient satisfaction after surgery and accelerate patients' readiness to discharge.

Description:

Knee replacement surgery has become increasingly more common in the United States with hundreds of thousands of surgeries performed yearly across the country. Despite that, there is no consensus "standard of care" for optimum pain control regimen after surgery. Pain management after TKA ranges from local tissue injections and patient controlled anesthesia to regional nerve blocks to neuraxial anesthesia. Although regional anesthesia has become more common and widespread, there are wide variations depending on practice setting (academic versus private), equipment available (adductor nerve blocks require ultrasound guidance), level of training of the anesthesiologists and patient selection, among other factors. Another part of the reason for the wide variations in practice is the lack of literature demonstrating clear effectiveness or superiority of one technique over another. To date adductor canal nerve blocks have been mainly studied in comparison with femoral nerve blocks in terms of their efficacy in controlling pain and their ability to preserve motor function. Adductor canal nerve blocks have been shown in the literature to be an effective method for postoperative pain control in total knee replacement surgery. One of the unique benefits of this particular technique is that the adductor canal nerve block is primarily a sensory block, thereby controlling pain without impairing motor strength. This is useful for total knee replacement surgery as pain is controlled while quadriceps muscle strength is preserved. With well functioning muscles patients are able to fully participate in physical therapy with less strength impairment and reduced risk of falling. It is our aim to investigate one multimodal approach that combines the strengths of two proven pain management techniques and thereby improve overall postoperative pain control and patient satisfaction. Our hope is to establish a protocol that is safe and effective for patient care.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 165
• Est. completion date: January 2017
• Est. primary completion date: January 2017
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: N/A to 85 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• end stage degenerative joint disease
• enrolled for unilateral total knee arthroplasty at the University of Chicago
• age < 85
• ability to understand and willingness to sign a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• age > 85
• American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status > 3
• known hypersensitivity to lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine or other local anesthetic agents
• Coagulopathy, specifically INR > 1.5, Platelets < 100, therapy with clopidogrel within 5 days prior to surgery, enoxaparin or fondaparinux within the last 24 hours prior to surgery, patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome requiring aggressive anticoagulation perioperatively
• History of alcohol or substance abuse (including strong opioids - morphine, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, ketobemidone), taking > 50 mg morphine equivalent daily of opioids
• Pre-existing femoral neuropathy or radiculopathy
• Patients with poor ability to communicate

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee
• Nerve Block

Intervention

Device:
• Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter
ACNB catheter will be placed by anesthesia residents under the supervision of board-certified anesthesiologists familiar with regional anesthesia techniques, who are part of the anesthesia pain service. They will be performed at the bedside, aseptically, with the patient's vital signs monitored throughout the procedure. 1% lidocaine will be infiltrated in the skin and subcutaneous tissues overlying the adductor canal as visualized on ultrasound. Via a 17 gauge touhy needle a closed tip non-stimulating, epidural catheter will be placed after 1% lidocaine is used to hydrodissect the space lateral to the superficial femoral artery within the adductor canal. The catheter will be secured to the skin. All catheters will be connected to infusion pumps with opaque plastic bags covering the pumps. The functional ACNB pumps will run 8cc/h.
• Adductor Canal Nerve Block Sham Catheter
Patients randomized to the sham catheter will have a chlorhexidine prep of the skin and ultrasound examination of the adductor canal on postoperative day #1. To minimize patient risk, a wooden applicator will be used to apply 10 seconds of pressure to the leg followed by catheter securing to the skin with the same tegaderm and paper tape dressing used on functional catheters. All catheters will be connected to infusion pumps with opaque plastic bags covering the pumps. The sham catheter pumps will not be turned on.

Drug:
• Bupivacaine
In the functioning continuous adductor canal block, 0.125% bupivacaine will be infused at a rate of 8cc/hr.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	University of Chicago Medicine	Chicago	Illinois

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Chicago

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (10)

Grevstad U, Mathiesen O, Lind T, Dahl JB. Effect of adductor canal block on pain in patients with severe pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study with individual patient analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2014 May;112(5):912-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/aet441. Epub 2014 Jan 8. — View Citation

Henningsen MH, Jaeger P, Hilsted KL, Dahl JB. Prevalence of saphenous nerve injury after adductor-canal-blockade in patients receiving total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2013 Jan;57(1):112-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02792.x. Epub 2012 Oct 17. — View Citation

Ishiguro S, Yokochi A, Yoshioka K, Asano N, Deguchi A, Iwasaki Y, Sudo A, Maruyama K. Technical communication: anatomy and clinical implications of ultrasound-guided selective femoral nerve block. Anesth Analg. 2012 Dec;115(6):1467-70. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31826af956. Epub 2012 Aug 10. — View Citation

Jaeger P, Grevstad U, Henningsen MH, Gottschau B, Mathiesen O, Dahl JB. Effect of adductor-canal-blockade on established, severe post-operative pain after total knee arthroplasty: a randomised study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Sep;56(8):1013-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02737.x. Epub 2012 Jul 26. — View Citation

Jaeger P, Nielsen ZJ, Henningsen MH, Hilsted KL, Mathiesen O, Dahl JB. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block and quadriceps strength: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology. 2013 Feb;118(2):409-15. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318279fa0b. — View Citation

Jæger P, Zaric D, Fomsgaard JS, Hilsted KL, Bjerregaard J, Gyrn J, Mathiesen O, Larsen TK, Dahl JB. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block for analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013 Nov-Dec;38(6):526-32. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000015. — View Citation

Jenstrup MT, Jæger P, Lund J, Fomsgaard JS, Bache S, Mathiesen O, Larsen TK, Dahl JB. Effects of adductor-canal-blockade on pain and ambulation after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012 Mar;56(3):357-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02621.x. Epub 2012 Jan 4. — View Citation

Kim DH, Lin Y, Goytizolo EA, Kahn RL, Maalouf DB, Manohar A, Patt ML, Goon AK, Lee YY, Ma Y, Yadeau JT. Adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block for total knee arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2014 Mar;120(3):540-50. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000119. — View Citation

Kwofie MK, Shastri UD, Gadsden JC, Sinha SK, Abrams JH, Xu D, Salviz EA. The effects of ultrasound-guided adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps strength and fall risk: a blinded, randomized trial of volunteers. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2013 Jul-Aug;38(4):321-5. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0b013e318295df80. — View Citation

Mudumbai SC, Kim TE, Howard SK, Workman JJ, Giori N, Woolson S, Ganaway T, King R, Mariano ER. Continuous adductor canal blocks are superior to continuous femoral nerve blocks in promoting early ambulation after TKA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 May;472(5):1377-83. doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3197-y. — View Citation

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Morphine Equivalents		12 hours postoperatively and 20 hours after placement of catheter
Secondary	Visual Analog Score for Pain	The visual analog scale (VAS) is a pain rating scale. Scores are based on self-reported measures of symptoms that are recorded with a single mark placed at one point along the length of a line that represents a continuum between the two ends of the scale-"no pain" on the left end of the scale (equal to a score of 0) and the "worst pain" on the right end of the scale (equal to a score of 100).	12 hours postoperatively and 20 hours after placement of catheter
Secondary	Physical Therapy Ambulation Distance		Daily on postoperative days one and two
Secondary	Number of Hospital Days Until Discharge Criteria Are Met		within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery
Secondary	Number of Participants With Bleeding Complications at Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter Site		within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery
Secondary	Number of Participants With Adverse Events Related to Adductor Canal Nerve Block Catheter		within first 3 days (plus or minus 3 days) after surgery
Secondary	Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)	The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) is widely used in the evaluation of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis. It is a self administered questionnaire consisting of 24 items divided into 3 subscales: pain (5 items), stiffness (2 items), and physical function (17 items). The subscale scores can vary, with pain ranging from 0 to 20 points; stiffness, 0 to 8 points; and physical function, 0 to 68 points. Higher scores represent worse pain, stiffness, and functional limitations. A sum of the scores for all three subscales yields a total WOMAC score.	3 and 6 weeks
Secondary	Range of Motion	Knee range of motion (ROM) was measured (in degrees) during physical therapy.	postoperative day 1 and 2
Secondary	Range of Motion at 3 and 6 Week Follow up		3 and 6 weeks